p63 immunohistochemical expression in tumor cells of high-grade invasive breast carcinomas on core biopsy: a potential diagnostic pitfall.

In breast pathology, p63 is a highly specific myoepithelial marker, crucial for distinguishing in situ from invasive lesions. Its expression is characteristically absent in the neoplastic cells of invasive carcinoma. However, in our diagnostic experience focal p63 expression in neoplastic cells of some high-grade breast tumors has been observed.

Correlation between histopathological features and recurrence score according to menopausal status in HR+/HER2- breast cancer patients: a retrospective study.

Aim: Clinico-pathological features have traditionally guided prognosis and adjuvant therapy for breast cancer (BC) patients. In the past decade, genomic tests such as Oncotype DX entered clinical practice to refine risk stratification and predict chemotherapy benefit for hormone-receptor positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor-receptor 2 negative (HER2-) BC patients after surgery. This is a retrospective analysis to investigate the correlation between histopathological parameters and recurrence score (RS), accounting for menopausal status.

Lipoblastoma-like tumor of the inguinal region: a close mimicker of myxoid liposarcoma.

Lipoblastoma-like tumor is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm, typically arising in the vulvar region of young women. Although it is considered a benign tumor, rare local recurrences and exceptionally distant metastases have been reported. Histological examination reveals a well-circumscribed tumor with lobulated pattern, composed of a mixture of mature adipocytes, spindle cells and lipoblasts set in abundant myxoid stroma with numerous thin-walled capillary-like vessels.

Metastases from uveal melanoma may lack S100 expression: A clinico-pathologic and immunohistochemical study with emphasis on potential causes and diagnostic implications.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, with a high mortality rate due to metastasis, primarily to the liver. The differential diagnosis of metastatic UM, particularly in distinguishing it from cutaneous melanoma (CM), can be challenging due to overlapping histopathological features. This study investigates the immunohistochemical expression of S100 in a cohort of 41 cases, including 13 metastatic UMs, 18 metastatic CMs, and 10 primary UMs.

More Than Meets the Eye: A Case of Breast Cancer Switching from Being Luminal-Androgen-Receptor-Positive to Being Hormone-Receptor-Positive.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents about 15% of all breast cancers and is usually characterized by aggressive clinical behavior and a poor prognosis. Four TNBC subgroups have been previously defined with different molecular profiles: (i) luminal androgen receptor (LAR), (ii) mesenchymal (MES), (iii) basal-like immunosuppressed (BLIS) and (iv) basal-like immune-activated (BLIA). Among these, LAR is characterized by the expression of the androgen receptor (AR), and exhibits genomic characteristics that resemble luminal breast cancers, with a still undefined prognosis and clinical behavior.

Brain Metastases from Breast Cancer Histologically Exhibit Solid Growth Pattern with at Least Focal Comedonecrosis: A Histopathologic Study on a Monocentric Series of 30 Cases.

Since there are no morphological clues capable of making a pathologist suspect a possible mammary origin of a metastatic lesion without adequate clinical information, the histologic diagnosis of brain metastasis from BC is still based on the immunohistochemical expression of mammary gland markers such as GATA-3, ERs, PgRs and HER-2. The present retrospective study aimed to select purely morphological features capable of suggesting the mammary origin of a metastatic carcinoma in the brain. The following histological features were collected from a series of 30 cases of brain metastases from breast cancer: (i) a solid growth pattern; (ii) the presence of comedonecrosis; and (iii) glandular differentiation.

Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILS) and PD-L1 Expression in Breast Cancer: A Review of Current Evidence and Prognostic Implications from Pathologist's Perspective.

With the rise of novel immunotherapies able to stimulate the antitumor immune response, increasing literature concerning the immunogenicity of breast cancer has been published in recent years. Numerous clinical studies have been conducted in order to identify novel biomarkers that could reflect the immunogenicity of BC and predict response to immunotherapy. In this regard, TILs have emerged as an important immunological biomarker related to the antitumor immune response in BC.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of autotaxin and lubricin in mild osteoarthritic rat model performing moderate physical activity.

Levels of the enzyme autotaxin (ATX) are elevated in synovial fluid and plasma of osteoarthritic patients, correlating positively with radiographic and symptomatic severity of the disease. Therefore, ATX is studied as potential marker for the progression of osteoarthritis (OA), whereas the chondrocyte-secreted glycoprotein Lubricin has chondroprotective properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of ATX and Lubricin in healthy and mild OA rat articular cartilage of femur, tibia and patella, and to analyse the effect of a protocol of moderate physical activity on their expressions.

Practical Approach to Histological Diagnosis of Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: An Update.

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors encompass a wide spectrum of lesions with different biological behavior, including both benign and malignant neoplasms as well as the recent diagnostic category, i.e., "" to be used only for NF1 patients.

Molecular Analysis of Luminal Androgen Receptor Reveals Activated Pathways and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Breast Cancer.

Background/aim: Triple-negative breast cancers represent 15% of all mammary malignancies and encompass several entities with different genomic characteristics. Among these, luminal androgen receptor (LAR) tumors express the androgen receptor (AR) and are characterized by a genomic profile which resembles luminal breast cancers. Moreover, LAR malignancies are usually enriched in PIK3CA, KMTC, CDH, NF1, and AKT1 alterations.

Practical Approach to the Diagnosis of the Vulvo-Vaginal Stromal Tumors: An Overview.

Background: The category of the "stromal tumors of the lower female genital tract" encompasses a wide spectrum of lesions with variable heterogeneity, which can be nosologically classified on the basis of their morphologic and immunohistochemical profiles as deep (aggressive) angiomyxoma (DAM), cellular angiofibroma (CAF), angiomyofibroblastoma (AMFB) or myofibroblastoma (MFB). Despite the differential diagnosis between these entities being usually straightforward, their increasingly recognized unusual morphological variants, along with the overlapping morphological and immunohistochemical features among these tumours, may raise serious differential diagnostic problems.

Methods And Results: The data presented in the present paper have been retrieved from the entire published literature on the PubMed website about DAM, CAF, AFMB and MFB from 1984 to 2021.

The Role of Genital Tract Microbiome in Fertility: A Systematic Review.

The human microbiome plays a crucial role in determining the health status of every human being, and the microbiome of the genital tract can affect the fertility potential before and during assisted reproductive treatments (ARTs). This review aims to identify and appraise studies investigating the correlation of genital microbiome to infertility. Publications up to February 2021 were identified by searching the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase and bibliographies.

WT1 and Cyclin D1 Immunohistochemistry: A Useful Adjunct for Diagnosis of Pediatric Small Round Blue Cell Tumors on Small Biopsies.

Pediatric small round blue cell tumors (SRBCTs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with overlapping morphological appearance. Accordingly, their diagnosis is one of the most difficult in the field of surgical pathology. The most common tumors include rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, neuroblastoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma and Wilms' tumor (the blastemal component).

Benign myofibroblastic/epithelial lesions of the breast with minimally infiltrative margins.

A minority of mixed fibro-epithelial lesions of the breast lacks both fibroadenoma and phyllodes architectural patterns and have been previously labeled with different terms, including "hamartomas", "myoid/muscular hamartomas", "benign fibroadenomatous lesions" or "stromo-epithelial lesions of the breast". This study emphasizes the clinico-pathologic features of 5 cases of mammary benign fibro(stromo)-epithelial lesions sharing as a common morphologic theme the presence of minimally infiltrative margins due to the overgrowth of the stromal component into the surrounding fibro-fatty tissue. Notably the radiological features were suspicious for malignancy in 3 out of 5 cases.

Early Gastrointestinal Progression to Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: A Report of Two Cases.

Intestinal and pancreatic metastases are rare and often challenging to recognize and manage. Lung cancer patients with enteric involvement usually display poor outcomes. Hyperprogression to immunotherapy represents a concern, even though there is currently no agreement on its exact definition.

Comparison of three biopsy forceps for hysteroscopic endometrial biopsy in postmenopausal patients (HYGREB-1): A multicenter, single-blind randomized clinical trial.

Objective: To compare three types of biopsy forceps for hysteroscopic endometrial biopsy in postmenopausal women.

Methods: Postmenopausal women undergoing operative hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy for abnormal uterine bleeding or endometrial thickness (≥5 mm) were included. Operative hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy was performed by hysteroscopic forceps.

Solitary fibrous tumor with atypical features of the paravesical space: benign clinical course at the 10-years follow-up. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Extra-pleural solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a relatively rare soft tissue neoplasm, with only rare cases reported in the pelvic cavity. Most SFTs are histologically benign, with only a few malignant cases reported in the literature so far. We report a rare case of SFT arising in the paravesical space of a 79-year-old man.

The prognostic impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on lymph node sampling in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, at least 12 lymph nodes are required to accurately stage locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NACRT) reduces the number of lymph nodes retrieved during surgery. In this study, we evaluated the effect of NACRT on lymph node retrieval and prognosis in patients with LARC.

Angioleiomyoma of the lumbo-sacral region with unusual keloid-like collagen fibers.

Angioleiomyoma is a benign soft tissue tumor which usually occurs in superficial or deep soft tissues. Only rarely does this tumor occur at unusual sites, including retroperitoneum. We present a rare case of lumbo-sacral angioleiomyoma in a 54-year-old man.

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: An Update with Emphasis on Radiological and Morphological Features as Predictive Prognostic Factors.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) shows overlapping epidemiology with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, sharing similar risk factorssuch as age, mammographic density, family history, and hormonal therapy as well as genetic factors such as BRCA1/BRCA2, histotypes, and molecular subtypes such as luminal A and B, HER2 enriched, and basal-type, thus suggesting its potential precursor role. A small percentage of patients with a history of DCIS die without a documented intermediate diagnosis of invasive breast carcinoma (IBC). The increased risk of death is usually associated with ipsilateral recurrence such as IBC.

Rare breast and subcutaneous metastases from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: a case report.

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors are a group of rare neoplasms, and the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) represent only 1-2% of all pancreatic malignant tumors. The most common sites of these tumors include the gastrointestinal tract, lung, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland. Moreover, the most common sites of PNET metastases are the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone.

STAT6 expression in spindle cell lesions of the breast: An immunohistochemical study of 48 cases.

The diagnosis of spindle cell lesions of the breast parenchyma is challenging. Some of these lesions share the expression of CD34, posing differential diagnostic problems, especially in core biopsies. Recently, antibodies against the STAT6 C-terminal, are being used in paraffin-embedded tissues as a surrogate for identifying the NAB2-STA6 fusion gene which is considered a specific molecular marker for solitary fibrous tumor.

Cyclin D1 in pediatric neuroblastic tumors: A microarray analysis.

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid childhood tumor, which is believed to originate from primitive neuroblasts giving rise to the sympathetic nervous system. It was previously shown that cyclin D1 (CCDN1) in pediatric neuroblastic tumors (neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma) recapitulates its expression during the development of peripheral sympathetic nervous system (PSNS). In the present study, we performed a microarray analysis in order to evaluate the expression of cyclin D1 in neuroblastoma as compared to ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuroblastoma.

Mammary gland: From embryogenesis to adult life.

The aim of this review is to focus on the molecular factors that ensure the optimal development and maintenance of the mammary gland thanks to their integration and coordination. The development of the mammary gland is supported, not only by endocrine signals, but also by regulatory molecules, which are able to integrate signals from the surrounding microenvironment. A major role is certainly played by homeotic genes, but their incorrect expression during the spatiotemporal regulation of proliferative, functional and differentiation cycles of the mammary gland, may result in the onset of neoplastic processes.