Enrichment of soil microbiome and antimicrobial resistance genes following poultry litter application.

Poultry litter (PL) is often used for soil amendment as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. However, it may enrich microbial and antimicrobial resistance genes in applied soil. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in the soil microbiome and resistome profiles following PL application.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Bitter Melon () Extracts and Their Antibacterial Effect.

We utilized silver nanoparticles synthesized from bitter melon () extracts for testing against the common agricultural pathogen . The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized and confirmed as silver nanoparticles by using ultraviolet spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results show that AgNPs were effective against ATCC25922 strain.

Poultry litter as a soil amendment enriches antibiotic resistant enterococci.

While raw poultry litter from broiler houses is used as organic fertilizer for crop production, it may also enrich antibiotic resistant bacteria in the soil. In a randomized field trial, we evaluated the impact of poultry litter as a soil amendment on antimicrobial resistant enterococci in corn fields. Two winter cropping systems (fallow, and cover crop) were assigned to whole plots while three spring applied fertilizer treatments (untreated control, poultry litter, and chemical fertilizer) were randomly assigned to subplots.

The Effect of Mono- and Di-Saccharides on the Microbiome of Dairy Cow Manure and Its Odor.

In a previous experiment, we showed that the odor of manure slurries could be improved by anaerobic incubation with the sugars glucose, lactose, and sucrose. This improvement was due to reductions in the concentrations of malodorants, including dimethyl disulfide, -cresol, -ethylphenol, indole, and skatole, and a shift to the production of fruity esters, including ethyl butyrate and propyl propanoate. Due to large concentrations of lactic acid produced by the sugar-amended manure slurries, we inferred that lactic acid bacteria were involved in improving the manure slurry odor.

Mycoplasma bovis 5'-nucleotidase is a virulence factor conferring mammary fitness in bovine mastitis.

Nucleases and 5' nucleotidase (5'-NT) play essential roles in cell biology and are often associated with bacterial virulence. In Mycoplasma spp., which have limited metabolic capacities and rely on nutrient availability, these enzymes are of significant importance for nucleotide salvage.

Effect of poultry litter soil amendment on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli.

Given the high cost and non-renewability of mineral-based fertilizers, there is increasing interest in the innovative use of manure-based materials, such as poultry litter (PL). However, manure-based fertilizers add both nutrients and microbes to the soil, including antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (AREc). PL soil amendment impact on AREc in corn fields was evaluated in a randomized field experiment (May-October 2017).

Efficacy of novel staphylococcal surface associated protein vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows.

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland commonly caused by bacteria or fungi. Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterium that causes mastitis in dairy cows. Non-aureus staphylococci are also increasingly reported, with Staphylococcus chromogenes being the most common species.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of O157:H7 and , and the Prevalence of in Dairy Cattle and Camels under Pastoral Production System.

O157:H7, and are common foodborne pathogens. We determined the prevalence of O157:H7 and in feces and milk and the prevalence of in milk from dairy cattle and camels in the Borana pastoral community in the Southern Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Paired individual cow composite (pooled from all quarters in equal proportions) milk and fecal samples were collected from cows ( = 154) and camels ( = 158).

Microbiome Diversity of Anaerobic Digesters Is Enhanced by Microaeration and Low Frequency Sound.

Biogas is produced by a consortium of bacteria and archaea. We studied how the microbiome of poultry litter digestate was affected by time and treatments that enhanced biogas production. The microbiome was analyzed at six, 23, and 42 weeks of incubation.

Dynamics of Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing, Third-generation Cephalosporin-resistant and Tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli in Feedlot Cattle With or Without Tylosin Administration.

The impact of in-feed use of tylosin in feedlot cattle on Gram-negative foodborne bacteria is unknown. We evaluated the effect of continuous in-feed tylosin use on the concentration and prevalence of tetracycline-resistant (TET)-, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC)-, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBLs) E. coli in feedlot cattle.

Effect of continuous in-feed administration of tylosin to feedlot cattle on macrolide and tetracycline resistant enterococci in a randomized field trial.

Liver abscess causes substantial economic loss to the beef cattle industry through liver condemnation, reduced animal performance, and carcass yield. Continuous in-feed use of tylosin is the most effective and a commonly used practice in beef cattle production to prevent liver abscess. However, such mass medication can increase the level of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.

Occurrence and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in urban karst groundwater systems based on targeted resistome analysis.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global crisis threatening human, animal, and environmental health. The natural environment, specifically water resources, has been recognized as a reservoir and dissemination pathway for AMR; however, urban karst aquifer systems have been overlooked. This is a concern as these aquifer systems provide drinking water to about 10 % of the global population; yet, the urban influence on the resistome in these vulnerable aquifers is sparingly explored.

Prevalence and whole-genome sequencing characterization of Salmonella in urban karst groundwater and predominantly groundwater-fed surface waters for serotypes and antimicrobial resistance.

Karst aquifers provide a significant source of drinking water around the world; however, they are prone to bacterial contamination. We investigated the prevalence, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of Salmonella in urban karst groundwater and groundwater-fed surface waters. Weekly water samples (n = 443) were collected from nine groundwater sites and the Barren River in Bowling Green, KY.

Effects of age and pasture type on the concentration and prevalence of tetracycline and macrolide resistant species in beef cow-calf production system.

Enterococci are a normal flora of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. Enterococci can also cause life-threatening nosocomial infections. Antimicrobial-resistant species have been reported in the feedlot and dairy cattle productions and in meat and milk products, suggesting their foodborne importance.

Tetracycline-Resistant, Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant, and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in a Beef Cow-Calf Production System.

Abstract: Cow-calf production plays a significant role in the beef production chain. However, bacteria in these systems are not typically monitored for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We determined the baseline level of AMR in fecal bacteria collected from preweaned calves prior to feedlot entry and evaluated the effects of type of graze and age on AMR occurrence.

Hygienic assessment of fish handling practices along production and supply chain and its public health implications in Central Oromia, Ethiopia.

Fishborne diseases are among the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Contamination of the aquatic ecosystem and unhygienic handling practices along the fish supply chain can lead to a contaminated fish. Consumption of raw or under cooked fish and fish products is a major source of fishborne infections in humans.

Regulation Mechanisms of Virulence Genes in Enterohemorrhagic .

Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) is one of the most common pathotypes reported to cause several outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. EHEC is a zoonotic pathogen, and ruminants, especially cattle, are considered important reservoirs for the most common EHEC serotype, O157:H7. Humans are infected indirectly through the consumption of food (milk, meat, leafy vegetables, and fruits) and water contaminated by animal feces or direct contact with carrier animals or humans.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococci at Animal Human Interface in Smallholders and Dairy Farms in Central Oromia, Ethiopia.

Purpose: species come from a variety of sources and can contaminate milk during milking, cause mastitis and other diseases in animals and humans. The enterotoxins they produce cause food poisoning. Our objectives were to isolate, biochemically characterize, and determine antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of species from dairy farms in central Oromia, Ethiopia.

Tetracycline- and Macrolide-Resistant Species Isolated from a Mink Farm in the United States.

species are a normal flora of animals and humans. However, life-threatening opportunistic infections can be caused by antimicrobial resistant strains. Fecal ( = 42) and feed ( = 8) samples were obtained from a mink farm and cultured for the enumeration and detection of erythromycin-resistant (a macrolide; ERY)- and tetracycline-resistant (TET) enterococci.

Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing in Dairy Cattle Farms in East Tennessee.

Antimicrobials have been widely used in dairy farms to prevent and control dairy cattle diseases since 1960s. This led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) that, along with their antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), can spread from dairy farms to humans. Therefore, regular antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitoring is important to implement proper mitigation measures.

Lagoon, Anaerobic Digestion, and Composting of Animal Manure Treatments Impact on Tetracycline Resistance Genes.

Increased demand for animal protein is met by increased food animal production resulting in large quantities of manure. Animal producers, therefore, need sustainable agricultural practices to protect environmental health. Large quantities of antimicrobials are used in commercial food animal production.

Prevalence, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance of from Mink Feces and Feed in the United States.

Nontyphoidal is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses, and concentrated animal production such as commercial mink farming can be a reservoir. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and mobile genetic elements, and phylogenetic characterization of from mink fecal ( = 42) and feed ( = 8) samples at a commercial mink farm in the United States. was detected from 11 (26.

Evaluation of Surface Proteins as Vaccine Antigens to Control Mastitis in Dairy Cows.

There is no effective vaccine against mastitis in dairy cows. Objectives of this study were (1) to extract surface proteins (SUSP) and determine immunoreactivity in vitro and (2) immunogenicity and efficacy in vivo. SUSP was extracted from , and their immunoreactivity was tested by western blot.

Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from CMT Positive Milk Samples Obtained from Dairy Cows, Camels, and Goats in Two Pastoral Districts in Southern Ethiopia.

A study was carried out from August 2017 to February 2018 on lactating dairy cows, one-humped dromedary camels, and goats to determine mastitis in the Bule Hora and Dugda Dawa districts of in Southern Ethiopia. Milk samples from 564 udder quarters and udder halves from 171 animals consisting of 60 dairy cows, 51 camels, and 60 goats were tested for mastitis. Sixty-four positive udder milk samples were cultured, and bacterial mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified.