Clinical and radiological insights into secondary hypophysitis: A single-center experience with a focus on tuberculosis.

Purpose: Secondary hypophysitis (apart from immune checkpoint inhibitor [ICI] induced) is rare and is largely described in case series. We aim to describe the distinctive characteristics of the various etiologies of secondary hypophysitis from a single center.

Methods: A retrospective record review of 44 patients with secondary hypophysitis (excluding ICI) presenting to our institute between January 2002 and January 2023 was performed.

Outcomes of 68Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4 PET/CT Guided Surgical Management of Insulinomas in MEN1: A Preliminary Study.

The data on the use of 68Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 PET/CT in localizing multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-related insulinomas is evolving; however, surgical outcomes data are not available. We describe our cohort of patients with MEN1-related endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (EHH), where 68Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 PET/CT was used to guide conservative surgery. A retrospective record review of MEN1-related EHH cases managed between 2000 and 2024 was performed for clinical features, imaging, and management.

Atypical Presentation of Liver Metastasis in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Variable Pattern and Interlesional Heterogeneity Observed on 18F-FDG, 68Ga-DOTATATE, and 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT.

Metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) can exhibit variable progression, with liver metastases occurring in up to 62% of cases. We report an unusual case of 50-year-old man with progressive MTC and atypical hypodense metastasis in the left lobe of liver that showed no tracer avidity on conventional 18F-FDG and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT but was intensely avid on 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT, implying a possible role of FAPI PET/CT imaging in diagnosing unusual metastatic lesions that may be missed on conventional PET imaging and also its theranostic potential for future management.

Pediatric and adolescent von Hippel-Lindau disease: tumor profiles, genotype-phenotype correlation and comparison with adults.

Purpose: Data on pediatric/adolescent von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is sparse, and surveillance/management recommendations rely on expert opinions/extrapolations from adults. We aimed to characterize the childhood/adolescent VHL disease phenotype, compare it with adults, and identify genotype-phenotype correlations.

Methods: Retrospective review of children/adolescents (≤ 19 years) and adults with VHL disease from a single endocrine center (2000-2024).

An Unusual Case of Primary Aldosteronism with Negative Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT and Positive FDG-PET/CT in a Left Adrenal Adenoma.

A 65-year-old male with systemic hypertension, progressively rising aldosterone levels, low plasma renin activity, contrast Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) described left adrenal lesion isointense to liver parenchyma on T2-weighted images and other features suggestive of left adrenal incidentaloma underwent Ga-Pentixafor Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT), which unexpectedly did not show tracer uptake in the known left adrenal adenoma. However, the said nodule showed significant focal tracer uptake on F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/CT that was done within 2 weeks of Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT study. This unusual finding, which has hitherto been unreported in known patients of primary aldosteronism needs further exploration to determine its clinical significance.

Functional Imaging in 2 Rare Cases of Struma Ovarii With Contrasting Features.

We present 2 cases, one with benign struma ovarii that was diagnosed preoperatively on Tc-99m and I-131 scans and another of malignant struma ovarii with peritoneal metastases that were detected postoperatively on 18F-FDG PET/CT and post-radioiodine (I-131) therapy scans. Benign struma ovarri had a rare occurrence of coexisting Graves' disease, while malignant struma ovarii demonstrated rare peritoneal involvement on functional imaging. Even though rare, struma ovarii can present with contrasting features and may require extensive workup, including functional scans and radioiodine therapy as shown in these cases.

Breast Metastases From ACTH Secreting Thymic Carcinoid.

A 33-year-old woman with Cushing syndrome (CS), who underwent incomplete resection of ACTH-secreting thymic carcinoid, presented with a recurrence of Cushingoid features after 3 months of surgery. CECT and PET/CT scans (18F-FDG and 68Ga-DOTATATE) revealed anterior mediastinal lesion encasing the aorta, mediastinal adenopathy, lung nodules, and left breast lesions, the latter being pathologically proven to be metastases from the neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Breast metastases from NET are rare, with their diagnosis being challenging due to considerable overlap with invasive breast cancer.

On the automated radiosynthesis of pharmaceutical grade [Ga]Ga-Pentixafor, its pre-clinical evaluation, clinical application and radiation dosimetry aspects.

The current study outlines a consistent and reproducible protocol for the routine clinical dose preparation of [Ga]Ga-Pentixafor using the Eckert and Ziegler 'Modular-Lab Standard' non-cassette based automated module, that can be effectively used in the hospital radiopharmacy unit of a high volume nuclear medicine centre. The pre-clinical studies (including in-vitro cell line studies, in-vivo PET/CT imaging and pre-clinical dosimetry) were conducted to show the promising potential of the product for clinical use in targeting CXCR4 tumor overexpression. PET/CT image of SCID mouse bearing lymphoma xenograft tumor, at 2 h post-injection, clearly delineated the tumor.

What's the Gut Doing in the Chest? Interpositio Hepatodiaphragmatica (Chilaiditi Sign) Revisited on 18 F-FDG PET/CT.

A 47-year-old woman, a diagnosed case of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, underwent 18 F-FDG PET/CT to detect occult malignancy for suspected paraneoplastic etiology. Abnormal FDG uptake was noted in the right lower chest region, which was correlated on corresponding CT images to be colonic activity interposed between the liver and elevated diaphragm, also known as Chilaiditi sign. Even though rare, Chilaiditi sign should be considered as a differential diagnosis of hypermetabolic activity in the right lower chest region on 18 F-FDG PET/CT scan that is done to look for occult tumor as shown in this case.

Grounding computational cognitive models.

Cognitive scientists and neuroscientists are increasingly deploying computational models to develop testable theories of psychological functions and make quantitative predictions about cognition, brain activity, and behavior. Computational models are used to explain target phenomena such as experimental effects, individual, and/or population differences. They do so by relating these phenomena to the underlying components of the model that map onto distinct cognitive mechanisms.

A Rare Case of Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia Due to Mesenchymal Tumor at Foramen Magnum Diagnosed Preoperatively on 68 Ga DOTATATE PET/CT.

A 42-year-old man, a known case of FGF23-dependent hypophosphatemia, underwent 68 Ga- DOTATATE PET-CT, which showed a somatostatin receptor-expressing lesion in the left arch of foramen magnum that was correlated on MRI as a soft tissue lesion measuring 2.2 × 1.3 cm.

Multimodality Evaluation of Persistent Hyperparathyroidism in a Rare Case of Ectopic Submandibular Parathyroid Adenoma.

A 53-year-old woman of primary hyperparathyroidism with both ultrasound neck examination and planar 99m Tc-MIBI scan being negative revealed a tracer-avid focus in the left submandibular region in early (15 minutes postinjection) 99m Tc-MIBI SPECT/CT views, raising a suspicion of rare ectopic parathyroid adenoma. This finding was correlated on 4D-CT and confirmed on histopathology following surgical excision. Submandibular region is an unusual location for ectopic parathyroid adenoma.

Unusual Renal Uptake of 131 I-MIBG in a Young Hypertensive With Renal Artery Stenosis.

A 10-year-old hypertensive girl underwent 131 I-MIBG scan to rule out neural crest derived tumor. The whole-body images revealed diffuse intense tracer uptake in the right kidney, which persisted in 96-hour images as well. CT renal angiography revealed 90% to 95% right renal artery stenosis.

AcumenTM hypotension prediction index guidance for prevention and treatment of hypotension in noncardiac surgery: a prospective, single-arm, multicenter trial.

Background: Intraoperative hypotension is common during noncardiac surgery and is associated with postoperative myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, stroke, and severe infection. The Hypotension Prediction Index software is an algorithm based on arterial waveform analysis that alerts clinicians of the patient's likelihood of experiencing a future hypotensive event, defined as mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg for at least 1 min.

Methods: Two analyses included (1) a prospective, single-arm trial, with continuous blood pressure measurements from study monitors, compared to a historical comparison cohort.

Rare Presentations of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Exposing Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Nature of an Otherwise Indolent Disease: Case Series.

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) usually manifests as an indolent cancer with good prognosis. However, rarely uncommon sites of metastatic involvement can worsen the prognosis and require aggressive therapeutic approach. Here in, we describe 5 patients (3 women and 2 men) harboring rare sites of metastatic involvement from DTC including the adrenals, colon, kidneys, urinary bladder, brachial plexus, and superior vena cava with contiguous right atrial involvement.

Clarifying status of DNNs as models of human vision.

On several key issues we agree with the commentators. Perhaps most importantly, everyone seems to agree that psychology has an important role to play in building better models of human vision, and (most) everyone agrees (including us) that deep neural networks (DNNs) will play an important role in modelling human vision going forward. But there are also disagreements about what models are for, how DNN-human correspondences should be evaluated, the value of alternative modelling approaches, and impact of marketing hype in the literature.

Paediatric and adolescent ectopic Cushing's syndrome: systematic review.

Objective: The data on clinical, biochemical, radiological characteristics, and outcomes in paediatric ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome (EAS) are limited owing to rarity of the condition. We report three new cases and perform a systematic review of paediatric EAS.

Design And Method: Case records of paediatric and adolescent EAS patient's ≤20 years presenting at our centre between 1997 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed, and a systematic review of the literature published between January 1970 and December 2022 was performed.

Angiogenesis Imaging of Adrenocortical Carcinoma with Ga-68-NODAGA-RGD Positron Emission Tomography: Opening New Horizons in Multimodality Imaging from Theranostic Perspective.

A 53-year-old female, with a known case of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), underwent F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for initial staging, which revealed FDG avid large left suprarenal mass contiguous with hypermetabolic tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava (IVC) through the left renal vein. Thereafter, she underwent angiogenesis imaging using Ga-68-NODAGA-RGD PET/CT, which showed similar avid tracer uptake in both primary and IVC thrombus. Demonstration of RGD avidity in ACC in this case opens a new horizon for targeted radionuclide therapy (e.

The role of capacity constraints in Convolutional Neural Networks for learning random versus natural data.

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are often described as promising models of human vision, yet they show many differences from human abilities. We focus on a superhuman capacity of top-performing CNNs, namely, their ability to learn very large datasets of random patterns. We verify that human learning on such tasks is extremely limited, even with few stimuli.

Deep problems with neural network models of human vision.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have had extraordinary successes in classifying photographic images of objects and are often described as the best models of biological vision. This conclusion is largely based on three sets of findings: (1) DNNs are more accurate than any other model in classifying images taken from various datasets, (2) DNNs do the best job in predicting the pattern of human errors in classifying objects taken from various behavioral datasets, and (3) DNNs do the best job in predicting brain signals in response to images taken from various brain datasets (e.g.

Comparison of the Sensitivity of Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT with Other Imaging Modalities in Detecting Head and Neck Paraganglioma: Experience from Western India.

 This study aimed to compare the sensitivity of Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with other imaging modalities in the detection of head and neck paraganglioma (HNPGL).  The data of consecutive HNPGL patients (  = 34) who had undergone at least Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and anatomical imaging (contrast-enhanced computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging [CECT/MRI]) were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnosis of HNPGL (the primary tumor) was confirmed either by histopathology (  = 10) or was based on clinical follow-up and correlation of anatomical with functional imaging in whom histopathology was not available (  = 24).