in hospitalised children and adolescents: the impact of vaccination delay, Tuscany, Italy, 2016 to 2024.

BACKGROUNDPertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by . Vaccination against pertussis is included in the Italian vaccination programme with three doses administered at 3, 5 and 11 months, booster doses at 6 and 12-18 years, and every 10 years. Vaccination coverage in Tuscany is high among infants (97.

Uncovering hidden immune defects in childhood granulomatous disorders: a case report.

Granulomatous diseases in childhood present a complex diagnostic landscape, particularly when histological and clinical findings overlap with those of systemic inflammatory or histiocytic disorders. A subset of these conditions may represent the clinical onset of inborn errors of immunity (IEI), such as Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease (MSMD), where atypical or sterile granulomas may obscure the underlying infectious or genetic etiology. Recognition of IEI behind granulomatous diseases can radically alter patient's prognosis and therapeutic management.

Serotype 3 invasive pneumococcal disease in Tuscany across the eras of conjugate vaccines (2005-2024) and anthropic-driven respiratory virus fluctuations.

Serotype 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae (ser3) has emerged as a leading cause of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) despite targeted vaccination efforts. Preliminary evidence reported a differential impact of anti-ser3-pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccines (PCVser3) on different clinical presentations of ser3-IPD. Recently, a temporal association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and IPD was observed in children, supporting a role of RSV in driving IPD dynamics.

Monogenic Common Variable Immunodeficiency (Mo-CVID) Score for Optimizing the Genetic Diagnosis in Pediatric CVID Cohort.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) represents an "umbrella" diagnosis due to its clinical and immunological heterogeneity. The primary objective of this study was to describe a cohort of CVID pediatric subjects from clinical, immunological, and genetic viewpoints. Secondary, we propose a model for prioritizing genetic investigations in these patients.