THE DOSE-RESPONSE OF INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS IN COMBINATION ICS/LABA MAINTENANCE THERAPY FOR ASTHMA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

Background: High doses of maintenance inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in asthma may achieve only modest additional clinical benefit beyond low-to-medium doses and are associated with an increased risk of adverse systemic effects. The ICS dose-response relationship when administered as maintenance combination ICS/long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) therapy is uncertain.

Research Question: What is the ICS dose-response of maintenance ICS/LABA therapy?

Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) allocating participants to >1 ICS dose category, per Global Initiative for Asthma categorization, administered in combination ICS/LABA inhalers was conducted.

Melanin-concentrating hormone and orexin shape social affective behavior via action in the insular cortex of rat.

Rationale: In a social context, individuals are able to detect external information from others and coordinate behavioral responses according to the situation, a phenomenon called social decision-making. Social decision-making is multifaceted, influenced by emotional and motivational factors like stress, sickness, and hunger. However, the neurobiological basis for motivational state competition and interaction is not well known.

Structural Bases of Zoonotic and Zooanthroponotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

The emergence of multiple variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlights the importance of possible animal-to-human (zoonotic) and human-to-animal (zooanthroponotic) transmission and potential spread within animal species. A range of animal species have been verified for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, either in vitro or in vivo. However, the molecular bases of such a broad host spectrum for the SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive.