Human self and Neurosurgery: Advances and insights from Geneva.

Introduction: The preservation of the human self-a fundamental yet underexplored aspect of neurosurgical practice-has gained increasing attention in recent years.

Research Question: How can neural correlates of self-consciousness be identified, monitored, and protected during brain tumor surgery, and how might this reshape the concept of "onco-functional balance"?

Material And Methods: This review synthesizes emerging evidence from neuroimaging, neuropsychology, and intraoperative neurophysiology to build a framework for integrating the concept of self into modern neurosurgical practice.

Results: We describe the anatomical and functional basis of bodily and cognitive self-awareness, highlighting the roles of interoception, multisensory integration, and higher-order cortical networks such as the medial prefrontal cortex, insula and temporoparietal junction.