Multiple Stressor Effects of a Neonicotinoid, Heatwaves, and Elevated Temperatures on Aquatic Insect Emergence.

Intensive agricultural practices, including neonicotinoid insecticides, and climate change are two potential drivers of global insect decline, contributing to biodiversity loss. However, ecologically realistic field experiments investigating these multiple stressor effects on emerging aquatic insects are scarce. To empirically test whether exposure to imidacloprid (1, 10 μg/L) and two different climate change scenarios (i) elevated temperatures (+4 °C vs.