Pediatric cofactor-enhanced food anaphylaxis: A narrative review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical phenotypes.

Cofactors are external factors that can lower the threshold dose of an allergen and amplify the severity of allergic reactions, turning mild or moderate responses into severe anaphylaxis. These include exercise, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, menstruation, and infections. Initially described in relation to food allergens and physical activity or NSAIDs, these reactions have been labeled under various terms, such as food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA), wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA), and food-dependent NSAID-induced anaphylaxis (FDNIA).

Enhanced tau pathology via RanBP9 and Hsp90/Hsc70 chaperone complexes.

Accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau represent the two major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the critical importance of Aβ accumulation as an early event in AD pathogenesis, multiple lines of evidence indicate that tau is required to mediate Aβ-induced neurotoxic signals in neurons. We have previously shown that the scaffolding protein Ran-binding protein 9 (RanBP9), which is highly elevated in brains of AD and AD mouse models, both enhances Aβ production and mediates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity.