Tear Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy.

Purpose: To provide a review surrounding the utility of tear inflammatory cytokines in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO).

Methods: A comprehensive search was performed for published English-language studies reporting the analysis of tear inflammatory cytokines in TAO. Exclusion criteria included in vitro studies describing tear proteomics (without cytokine analysis).

Orbital abscess secondary to acute dacryocystitis.

Purpose: To provide Australian data and a literature review on the clinical, radiological, and microbiological features and outcomes in patients with orbital abscess secondary to dacryocystitis.

Methods: Multicentre retrospective review of orbital abscess secondary to acute dacryocystitis from 2019 to 2024 in Australia.

Results: Eight cases were identified.

Throat pack usage in dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) - systematic review & multicentre international survey revealing inconsistent practice and complications.

Purpose: Throat packs are used in endonasal surgery to absorb blood and secretions, theoretically reducing aspiration risk and post-operative nausea/vomiting. However, complications have been documented in the literature, and there is no clear consensus on the indications and method of use. This study aims to review the literature on throat pack use in dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), and investigate the practices and views of anaesthetists, oculoplastic and ENT surgeons.

Transsphenoidal Optic Canal Decompression to Manage a Venous Malformation of the Optic Canal: A Case Report.

Introduction: Intracanalicular vascular malformations are rare. This report describes a case of compressive optic neuropathy secondary to an intracanalicular venous malformation managed with endoscopic transsphenoidal optic canal decompression.

Case Presentation: A 43-year-old female presented with an 18-month history of painless vision loss secondary to an intracanalicular venous malformation causing compressive optic neuropathy.

Transorbital Approach to the Cavernous Sinus After an Exenteration.

Background And Objectives: To describe a novel technique of transorbital access to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus (CS) after exenteration.

Methods: Cadaveric dissection study. Seven heads (13 orbits) were dissected after total orbital exenteration.

Bilateral sequential bacterial dacryoadenitis with abscess- a case report.

Background: Acute dacryoadenitis is characterized by inflammation of the lacrimal gland, and is typically viral. Bacterial dacryoadenitis is rare, with Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species being the most common pathogens. The bilateral sequential onset of dacryoadenitis has not been described in the literature to date.

Ocular Features of VEXAS Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Purpose: To identify and analyze ocular features seen in Vacuoles, E1-ligase, X-linked Auto-inflammatory, Somatic (VEXAS) syndrome.

Design: A systematic literature review was performed following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration number: ID 566167).

Methods: Article inclusion criteria comprised genetic confirmation VEXAS syndrome that included eye involvement.

Idiopathic granulomatous orbital inflammation: case series and literature review.

Objective: Idiopathic granulomatous orbital inflammation is an uncommon histological finding that remains poorly defined due to its overlap with specific causes of granulomatous orbital inflammation, such as orbital sarcoidosis. We aim to identify clinico-radiological features that may differentiate it from other aetiologies of granulomatous inflammation.

Methods: Retrospective case series involving 12 patients and review of the literature.

Magnetic resonance imaging in preseptal ferromagnetic foreign bodies.

Objective: To review the literature on safety of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with preseptal ferromagnetic foreign bodies.

Methods: We describe 3 cases of MRI in patients with preseptal ferromagnetic foreign bodies (FFBs) from our institution.

Results: The FFBs were all preseptal, adjacent to the medial canthus (n = 2) and lateral canthus (n = 1).

Immunotherapy for orbital squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the demographics, clinical features and response of orbital squamous cell carcinoma treated with immunotherapy in an Australian and New Zealand cohort.

Methods: This is a multi-institutional, retrospective case series. Data was collected on patient demographics, clinical presentation, imaging findings, treatment course and outcomes.

Bacterial Dacryoadenitis With Abscess: Meta-Analysis of Features and Outcomes of a Rare Clinical Entity.

Purpose: Bacterial dacryoadenitis with abscess is rare. There is limited evidence examining the clinical course, and there is no consensus on evidence-based management protocols. The authors aim to systematically review the current literature on bacterial dacryoadenitis with abscess, examining etiology, clinical and radiological features, management, and outcomes.

Normative data for dimensions of the frontal and infraorbital nerves.

Objectives: To present a series of normative measurements for the width of the frontal and infraorbital nerve branches of V1 and V2, respectively.

Methods: Cadaveric dissection study of 15 embalmed cadaver heads (30 orbits). The frontal nerve was excised en bloc from the superior orbital rim to the superior orbital fissure.

Anatomy of the infraorbital artery and its orbital branch.

Background/objectives: To characterise the infraorbital artery (IOA) and its orbital branch, which are key structures encountered during inferior orbital explorations, with potential for orbital haemorrhage and vision loss if inappropriately handled.

Methods: Thirteen embalmed heads (26 orbits) were dissected. The following parameters were measured: orientation of the IOA in relation to the infraorbital nerve (ION); presence or absence of the orbital branch of the IOA; and the distance between the orbital branch of the IOA to the inferior orbital rim.

Risk factors for visual loss after excision of orbital cavernous venous malformations: a systematic review.

Background: Orbital cavernous venous malformations (OCVMs) are the most common primary orbital mass lesion and presenting symptoms are usually secondary to a mass effect. Surgical excision presents unique challenges and vision loss is a rare, but devastating, complication. This review aims to identify risk factors for vision loss with excision of OCVMs.

Normative measurements of the frontal nerve by magnetic resonance imaging in an Australia cohort.

Purpose: To report the normative dimensions of the frontal nerve (FN) on fat-suppressed suppressed gadolinium (fs-gad) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Method: A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent coronal fs-gad T1-weighted MRI. Orbits were excluded if there was unilateral or bilateral pathology of the FN or optic nerve sheath (ONS), incomplete MRI sequences, poor image quality or indiscernible FN on radiological assessment.

A characterization study of the anterior segment morphology of patients with and without long-term silicone oil following vitrectomy.

Purpose: To characterize the anterior segment (AS) morphology of patients with long-term silicone oil (SiO) in situ (> 12 months) following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).

Methods: This prospective, comparative characterization study was conducted between January 2022 and July 2023. Patients were included and sorted based on if they had undergone PPV without long-term SiO or had SiO in situ for at least 12 months at the time of review and image collection.

Orbital Apex Venous Malformation: Case Report on an Unusual Clinical and Radiological Presentation.

The authors present a case of an orbital apex venous malformation that presented with an intermittent oculomotor nerve palsy over a 15-year period. Radiologically, the lesion presented as a well-circumscribed orbital mass with T2 hyperintensity and enhancement that could only be demonstrated on 2-hour delayed phase imaging. The venous malformation was initially steroid-responsive but eventually became refractory to medical treatment alone.

Metastastic Tumors to the Lacrimal Gland from Distant Primary Cancer.

Purpose: To characterize the clinical, radiological, and pathological features of patients with metastases to the lacrimal gland from distant primaries.

Methods: Multicenter retrospective case series and a review of the literature of cases of metastases to the lacrimal gland.

Results: The authors present 4 cases of lacrimal gland metastases, with the primaries being renal cell (n = 2) and breast (n = 2) carcinoma.

Tear inflammatory cytokine profiles in orbital inflammatory disease.

Tear inflammatory cytokines are a novel biomarker studied in a range of ocular surface diseases, periorbital and orbital conditions. This single-centre prospective study between 2022 and 2024 aims to characterise tear cytokine profiles (Interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-2, IL-6, Interferon-γ [IFN-γ] and Tumour Necrosis Factor-α [TNF- α]) in orbital inflammatory disease (OID). OID patients had pre-treatment tear collection via micropipette, and cytokine analysis via multiplex bead array analysis.

Iatrogenic Erosion of Orbital Walls due to Expanding Hydrogel Explant.

Hydrogel scleral buckles are a hydrophilic explant that may lead to significant delayed complications. They can insidiously enlarge over decades and may mimic an orbital tumor or cyst. The authors report a case of an expansive hydrogel scleral explant in a previously eviscerated socket.

Mucosal Spread of Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma into the Nasolacrimal Duct Without Bony Erosion of the Nasolacrimal Canal: A Case Report.

Sinonasal malignancy is a rare but recognized cause for nasolacrimal obstruction leading to epiphora. While direct mucosal spread through the nasolacrimal duct can occur in benign sinonasal tumors such as inverting papilloma, the same phenomenon has not been described in malignant lesions. The authors present a case of a low-grade nonintestinal type sinonasal adenocarcinoma centered on the inferior meatus of the sinonasal cavity, showing mucosal invasion into the nasolacrimal duct with bony expansion but no erosion of the nasolacrimal canal.

Patterns of recurrence in idiopathic orbital myositis.

Purpose: To characterise patterns of disease recurrence in idiopathic orbital myositis (IOM).

Methods: Multi-centre retrospective longitudinal study of IOM patients. Serial imaging was also analysed.