Splenic trauma from colonoscopy: A case series.

Introduction: Splenic trauma is quite rare after colonoscopy and can be overlooked as a complication when a patient presents with severe abdominal pain. It can be difficult to diagnose without appropriate imaging, but it should be considered as part of the differential in a patient arriving for evaluation of left upper quadrant abdominal pain.

Presentation Of Case: In this case series, we discuss four patients who presented to our institution with splenic trauma specifically after colonoscopy.

Adsorption of Polyvinylpyrrolidone and its Impact on Maintenance of Aqueous Supersaturation of Indomethacin via Crystal Growth Inhibition.

This study explored the adsorption and crystal growth inhibitory effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on indomethacin crystals in an aqueous medium. A solution depletion method was used to construct adsorption isotherms of PVPs with different molecular weights and N-vinylpyrrolidone onto indomethacin crystals. The affinity for and extent of maximum adsorption of PVP on indomethacin crystals were significantly higher than that of N-vinylpyrrolidone, which was attributed to cooperative interactions between PVP and the surface of indomethacin.

Effect of precipitation inhibitors on indomethacin supersaturation maintenance: mechanisms and modeling.

This study quantitatively explores the mechanisms underpinning the effects of model pharmaceutical polymeric precipitation inhibitors (PPIs) on the crystal growth and, in turn, maintenance of supersaturation of indomethacin, a model poorly water-soluble drug. A recently developed second-derivative UV spectroscopy method and a first-order empirical crystal growth model were used to determine indomethacin crystal growth rates in the presence of model PPIs. All three model PPIs including HP-β-CD, PVP, and HPMC inhibited indomethacin crystal growth at both high and low degrees of supersaturation (S).

Maintenance of supersaturation II: indomethacin crystal growth kinetics versus degree of supersaturation.

This study compares the kinetics of crystal growth of indomethacin from supersaturated suspensions at varying degrees of supersaturation (2 ≤ S ≥ 9) in the presence of seed crystals of the γ-form of indomethacin, the lowest energy polymorph. At high S (6 ≤ S ≥ 9), the crystal growth was first order with rate coefficients (kG ) that were nearly constant and consistent with the value predicted for bulk-diffusion control. At lower S (<6), kG values were significantly smaller, decreasing approximately linearly with a decrease in S.

Maintenance of supersaturation I: indomethacin crystal growth kinetic modeling using an online second-derivative ultraviolet spectroscopic method.

Formulations that produce supersaturated solutions after their oral administration have received increased attention as a means to improve bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Although it is widely recognized that excipients can prolong supersaturation, the mechanisms by which these beneficial effects are realized are generally unknown. Difficulties in separately measuring the kinetics of nucleation and crystal growth have limited progress in understanding the mechanisms by which excipients contribute to the supersaturation maintenance.