Endocrine Adverse Events of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionised cancer therapy by enhancing T-cell-mediated tumour eradication. However, their use is associated with immune-related adverse events, with endocrinopathies being the most common. Thyroid dysfunction, hypophysitis, primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI), and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are well-documented complications.

Clinical Profile, Outcomes, and Predictors of Malignant Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Insights From a Single-Center Cohort.

Background: Malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (mPPGL) are not so common and the factors predicting the metastatic behavior are not well understood.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 218 patients with PPGL managed at our center over a period of 11 years (2013-2024). The clinical profile and treatment outcomes of patients with mPPGL were studied and were compared with non-metastatic PPGL(non-mPPGL).