Immunomodulation and Thrombolytic Approaches in the Management of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are key initiating events in the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE), a condition associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and long-term complications. While traditional therapies have focused on anticoagulation and thrombolysis, current evidence describes the pivotal role of immune pathways in the pathogenesis and progression of thrombosis. This review explores the multifaceted mechanisms underlying DVT and PE, emphasizing the contribution of inflammation, leukocyte activation, and immuno-thrombosis to thrombus formation and embolization.

Management of Venous Thromboembolism After Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), a term encompassing both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), remains a leading cause of mortality following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Optimizing thromboprophylaxis, or the prevention of VTE after surgery, is becoming increasingly critical as the demand and frequency of total joint arthroplasty rises globally. This review covers the current literature on the risk factors, detection, and prevention of VTE in patients undergoing THA and TKA.

Modulation of EGR1 Expression by Hyperglycemia in Swine Rotator Cuff Tendons.

Diabetes mellitus is known to impair tendon structure and function, yet the molecular mechanisms linking hyperglycemia to tendon degeneration remain poorly understood. This study investigated the expression of early growth response-1 (EGR1) and its association with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in the rotator cuff tendons of hyperglycemic swine, a model chosen for its anatomical similarity to humans. Rotator cuff tendon tissues were collected from normal and hyperglycemic swine and analyzed using histology, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.

Microglial Response to Inflammatory Stimuli Under Electromagnetic Field Exposure.

Microglial cells constitute the largest number of non-neuronal cells in the brain. As part of their immune surveillance function, they are responsible for detecting the presence of both external and internal danger signals, stimulating a defense response through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Once the damage is controlled, microglia stimulate a reparative response that allows tissue homeostasis to be maintained.

Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Complications of Spastic Cerebral Palsy.

Spastic cerebral palsy (CP) frequently results in lower extremity musculoskeletal complications that cause disabling mobility loss and reduced quality of life. This review consolidates current understanding of these common complications, encompassing bony deformities (e.g.

Preventing pressure injuries in individuals with impaired mobility: Best practices and future directions.

Pressure injuries, also known as decubitus ulcers or bedsores, are a major source of preventable morbidity among individuals with impaired mobility, particularly those recovering from spinal cord injury, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. These wounds not only prolong hospital stays and increase healthcare costs but also significantly impair rehabilitation outcomes and quality of life. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology and risk factors underlying pressure injury development, emphasizing the unique vulnerabilities of patients with sensory loss, malnutrition, obesity, and incontinence.

Modulation of inflammatory response by electromagnetic field in Neuronal and Microglial cells.

Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the development of CNS pathologies. This event encompasses a series of mechanisms involving the immune system and its cellular and molecular components. While it is necessary to activate the innate immune system during the early response to pathogens or traumas, persistent inflammation hinders neuronal recovery and contributes to the development of long-term neuronal complications.

Isolation of Primary Brain Cells: Challenges and Solutions.

The isolation of primary brain cells is essential for studying cellular behavior, signaling pathways, and disease mechanisms in the central nervous system. This paper explores the general and specific steps involved in extracting and culturing neurons, astrocytes, and microglia from brain tissue, highlighting how primary cells maintain their functionality and structural integrity without genetic modification like immortalized cell lines. Marker proteins such as MAP-2, GFAP, IBA-1, and TMEM119 help confirm cell identity and allow tracking of phenotypic changes, such as inflammation or maturation.

Atrial fibrillation in Retinal Artery Occlusions.

Retinal artery occlusions, encompassing central retinal artery occlusion and branch retinal artery occlusion, are acute vascular events that can result in significant and often irreversible vision loss. These ocular emergencies are closely associated with systemic vascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, advanced age, and cardiovascular comorbidities. Atrial fibrillation (AFib), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, has emerged as a notable contributor to the risk of retinal artery occlusions.

Bioaerosols and Airway Diseases: Mechanisms of Epithelial Dysfunction, Immune Activation, and Strategies for Exposure Mitigation.

Bioaerosols-airborne particles of biological origin such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and allergens-are increasingly recognized as critical environmental factors in the pathogenesis of airway diseases, particularly asthma. This article provides current understanding of how bioaerosols interact with the airway epithelium to initiate acute immune responses, promote chronic inflammation, and drive airway remodeling. Key mechanisms include disruption of mucociliary clearance, activation of innate immune receptors such as TLRs and PRRs, and the role of surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in modulating allergic inflammation.

Interaction between Perivascular and Luminal Factors in Arteriovenous Fistula in Yucatan Miniswine.

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is created in end-stage renal disease patients for hemodialysis. AVF maturation failure is a common complication due to thrombosis and stenosis of the vessels involved in AVF. Chronic inflammation along with perivascular cuffing plays a critical role in AVF maturation failure.

Outcomes of Rotator Cuff Repair: Open vs. Arthroscopic Approaches in Patients with Diabetes or Hyperlipidemia.

Rotator cuff injuries are a common cause of shoulder dysfunction, with diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia contributing to increased tendon vulnerability and impaired healing. In this article, a critical evaluation is presented on the comparative outcomes of open versus arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR) in patients with these metabolic conditions. Findings suggest that arthroscopic RCR compared to open RCR offers advantages such as reduced tissue disruption, shorter recovery times, and lower infection rates, making it a preferred choice for metabolically compromised patients.

Differential Gene Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implication in the Diagnosis and Individualized Treatment Plan.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of the joints due to the involvement of biologic, environmental, and genetic factors. Due to its pathogenesis being multifactorial in origin, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of RA remain unclear. Therefore, understanding the factors driving RA is crucial for developing targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes.

High and Low Dose Ketamine in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Ketamine has unique properties making it a desirable drug to induce general anesthesia during surgery. However, it is typically reserved for children and adolescent patients due to its side effects in adults, including vivid dreams, hallucinations, and confusional states that may be pleasant or distressing. These symptoms may affect patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

The Impact of Social Media & Technology on Child and Adolescent Mental Health.

The prevalence of mental health disorders among youth and adolescents has been rising at an alarming rate over the past few decades, with conditions such as anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperreactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder becoming increasingly common. One contributing factor that has received growing attention is the role of social media and technology in shaping adolescent brain development, behavior, and emotional well-being. While digital platforms provide opportunities for social connection, self-expression, and mental health support, they also introduce significant risks, including compulsive social media use, cyberbullying, unrealistic beauty standards, and exposure to substance-related content.

Impact of Maternal Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Preterm Birth on the Development of Metabolic Disorders in Offspring.

This review examines the growing concern regarding the relationship between maternal ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, preterm birth, and the subsequent development of metabolic disorders in offspring. Ultra-processed foods have become increasingly prevalent in global diets, coinciding with rising rates of metabolic diseases. Concurrently, preterm birth remains a significant public health concern affecting 5-18% of births worldwide.

Current Strategies in the Prevention and Management of Infection in Open Fractures.

Open fractures are complex injuries that significantly increase the risk of infection and complications such as delayed healing, nonunion, and chronic osteomyelitis. Infections rates remain high, particularly in severe cases involving extensive soft tissue damage and contamination. This is due to a variety of factors involving the patient, environment and bacteria.

Effect of Metabolic Syndrome in the incidence of Rotator Cuff Injury and Recovery following Surgical Repair.

Rotator cuff injuries are prevalent and have a plethora of risk factors that play a role in both the incidence of injury and recovery from surgical repair. One of the major contributors is metabolic syndrome, which has a variety of different elements that affect the issue under discussion such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, which are highly prevalent in patients troubled with this injury. The purpose of this article is to critically review the information from various scientific reports on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of metabolic syndrome increasing the rate of injury and delaying recovery after repair.

Impact of Antidepressants on Weight Gain: Underlying Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies.

Antidepressants are widely prescribed for major depressive disorder and anxiety, yet their long-term use is associated with weight gain, affecting up to 55-65% of patients. This adverse effect contributes to treatment discontinuation, relapse, and worsened metabolic health outcomes, including increased risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes. This artic le presents a critical evaluation of the published reports on the mechanisms underlying antidepressant-induced weight gain, comparative effects across drug classes, and mitigation strategies.

Nutrition, Gut Microbiota, and Epigenetics in the Modulation of Immune Response and Metabolic Health.

Immune system function is intricately shaped by nutritional status, dietary patterns, and gut microbiota composition. Micronutrients such as vitamins A, C, D, E, B-complex, zinc, selenium, iron, and magnesium are critical for maintaining physical barriers, supporting immune cell proliferation, and regulating inflammation. Macronutrients-including proteins, fats, and carbohydrates-also modulate immune responses through their impact on immune metabolism and the gut-immune axis.

Surgical interventions in Severe Osteoarthritis: Pros and Cons.

Severe osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating condition that often necessitates surgical intervention when conservative treatments fail. We carefully reviewed the literature on the pros and cons of surgical options for severe OA, focusing on total joint arthroplasty (TJA) and other surgical techniques. Total joint arthroplasty, including total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA), is the most established surgical option for severe OA, providing significant pain relief, functional restoration, and improved quality of life.

Factors Underlying Failure of Methotrexate Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications in Personalized Care.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can be managed with a range of therapeutic treatments. Methotrexate (MTX) is a first-line treatment for RA; however, its metabolism in RA patients can be complicated by multiple factors. Therefore, understanding these specific factors is crucial for optimizing the efficacy of MTX to provide improved therapeutic outcomes for patients.

Validation of Electromagnetic Field Sensor Performance Through Porcine Skulls: Implications for Neurostimulation and Recording Techniques.

Recent technological advancements have led to the development of portable helmet systems equipped with induction sensor stimulators for non-invasively monitoring neural electromagnetic fields in real-time. The helmet incorporates a Mu-metal shield, a material designed to block low-frequency electromagnetic fields and to reduce external interference. This study utilized an adult pig model to validate the ability of these sensors to record and stimulate neural activity through pig skulls, which closely mimic human cranial anatomy.

Glucocorticoid Insensitivity in Severe Asthma: Underlying Molecular Mechanisms, Challenges, and Emerging Therapies.

Glucocorticoids are the cornerstone of asthma therapy due to their potent anti-inflammatory action. However, a subset of severe asthmatics do not respond to the standard glucocorticoid treatment. Such phenomenon is referred to as glucocorticoid insensitivity (GCI).

A new model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction induced by metabolic syndrome in Ossabaw miniature swine.

A major obstacle to progress in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the paucity of clinically relevant animal models. We developed a large, translationally relevant model in Ossabaw minipigs, which are genetically predisposed to the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Pigs were fed a "Western diet" high in calories, fructose, fat, cholesterol, and salt and received 1-2 deoxy-corticosterone acetate (DOCA) depots (n = 10).