Biochemical characterization and activity profiling of recombinant phospholipase A2 from Hemiscorpius lepturus expressed in E. coli with in vivo antibody response.

The structure and function of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in scorpion venom are relatively unexplored, making further study crucial. This research aims to pave the way for a better understanding of scorpion venom, including the biochemical identification and characterization of PLA2 from Iranian Hemiscorpius lepturus, expressed in E. coli, as well as the in vivo study of polyclonal antibodies against PLA2.

Innovative production of highly potent equine neutralizing antibody against Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom using recombinant mPLD1 protein.

Scorpion envenomation, especially from Hemiscorpius lepturus, poses a significant health risk, leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. The venom's major toxin, which includes phospholipase D (PLD), is responsible for various systemic complications. In prior studies, we identified a native phospholipase D (PLD) toxin as a key lethal factor in the venom of H.

Development and characterization of nanobody against envenomation by Naja naja oxiana.

Snakebites are considered a significant health issue. Current antivenoms contain polyclonal antibodies, which vary in their specificity against different venom components. Development and characterization of next generation antivenoms including nanobodies against Naja naja oxiana was the main aim of this study.

Inactivated herpes simplex virus-1 vaccine formulated in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of propolis boosts cellular and IgG responses.

Objectives: In this study, the adjuvant activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of propolis was examined on the inactivated herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1.

Materials And Methods: BALB/C mice were administered with inactivated (HSV-1; the KOS strain) plus alcoholic and aqueous extracts, followed by assessment of the cellular and humoral immune responses.

Results: Alcoholic and aqueous extracts, as an adjuvant, revealed a significant increase in lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses versus the HSV-1 group.

Protective Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Plant against the Lethality and Histopathological Damage in Experimental Envenoming of Venom in Balb/c Mice.

Introduction: envenomation is a serious health problem in the southern provinces of Iran. The antiserum produced in Iran to counteract this scorpion venom is not entirely effective due to the risk of anaphylactic shock and other adverse effects.

Methods: Therefore, more efficient alternatives to treat patients deserve attention, and plants are extensively good candidates to be studied.

Highly in vitro anti-cancer activity of melittin-loaded niosomes on non-small cell lung cancer cells.

Background: Development of promising medicines from natural sources, specially venom, is of highly necessitated to combat against life-threatening cancers. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a significant percentage of mortalities. Melittin, from bee venom, is a potent anticancer peptide but its toxicity has limited its therapeutic applications.

Development of polyclonal heavy chain antibodies targeting programmed death ligand-1.

Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1, CD274 and B7-H1) has been described as a ligand for immune inhibitory receptor programmed death protein 1 (PD-1). With binding to PD-1 on activated T cells, PD-L1 can prevent T cell responses via motivating apoptosis. Consequently, it causes cancers immune evasion and helps the tumor growth; hence, PD-L1 is regarded as a therapeutic target for malignant cancers.

Oxilipin, a New Anti-cancer Phospholipase A2-like Protein from Iranian Caspian Cobra, Oxiana.

The discovery of novel anti-cancer agents from natural resources is highly necessary. Concerning the above problem, the purpose of this study was to discover an anti-cancer compound from Caspian cobra venom. Fractionation of Caspian cobra venom was performed by gel filtration and IEX chromatography.

Cellular Immunity in Mice Vaccinated with Recombinant Phospholipase D Toxoid of Scorpion.

Background: is one of the most dangerous scorpions in Iran and the world. Numerous studies have been conducted on phospholipases, especially phospholipase D, in this scorpion's venom, and the results have shown this protein to be the main cause of death. Therefore, one of the most effective ways of preventing fatalities is to produce a toxoid vaccine from the deadly toxin of the venom.

Oxineur, a novel peptide from Caspian cobra Naja naja oxiana against HT-29 colon cancer.

Colon cancer ranks fourth in mortality. This cancer is still an important clinical challenge worldwide due to its high prevalence and poor prognosis. Proteomic studies revealed that snake venom is a diverse and variable mixture of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins and peptides.

Development and characterization of single domain monoclonal antibody against programmed cell death ligand-1; as a cancer inhibitor candidate.

Objectives: One of the important interactions in controlling the human immune system is the reaction between checkpoint proteins such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1. These are negative immunoregulatory molecules that promote immune evasion of tumor cells. PD-L1 expression is an immune-mediated mechanism used by various malignant cells in order to down-regulate the immune system.

Discovery of Leptulipin, a New Anticancer Protein from theIranian Scorpion, .

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. Unfortunately, the present anticancer chemotherapeutics display high cytotoxicity. Accordingly, the discovery of new anticancer agents with lower side effects is highly necessitated.

OdTx12/GNA, a chimeric variant of a β excitatory toxin from Odontobuthus doriae, reveals oral toxicity towards Locusta migratoria and Tenebrio molitor.

OdTx12, a beta excitatory toxin from Odontobothus doriae had previously been identified and characterized. It had been shown that OdTx12 causes significant lethal effects on insects by injection but does not show any toxicity on mice. Due to the natural ineffectiveness of scorpion toxins to act as oral toxins, OdTx12 was fused to Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), a protein with the potential to cross the insect gut.

The Metabolomic Profiles of Sera of Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei and Treated by Effective Fraction of Naja naja oxiana Using H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

Background: The use of venom fractions from the Iranian cobra could be useful adjunct treatments of malaria with chloroquine. A metabolomic investigation with HNMR spectroscopy was conducted on an effective fraction tested earlier using Plasmodium berghei as an experimental murine model.

Purpose: We sought to ascertain both safety and anti-parasitic effects of experimental therapies.

Discovery of a New Analgesic Peptide, Leptucin, from the Iranian Scorpion, .

scorpion stings do not induce considerable pain based on epidemiological surveys conducted in the southwest part of Iran. Accordingly, this study was aimed to identify the analgesic molecule in venom by analyzing a cDNA library of the scorpion venom gland looking for sequences having homology with known animal venom analgesic peptides. The analgesic molecule is a cysteine rich peptide of 55 amino acids.

Development and characterization of human single chain antibody against Iranian Macrovipera lebetina snake venom.

Snakebite is an important public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. Macrovipera lebetina is one of the most dangerous snakes in Iran. Envenoming by this snake can lead to respiratory distress, heart attack, bleeding, and death.

Significant Anticancer Activity of a Venom Fraction Derived from the Persian Gulf Sea Anemone, .

Chemotherapy is still one of the main therapeutic regimens in cancer patients but its toxicity is a hard challenge for every patient yet. One of the available solutions is tracing for non-toxic anticancer agents from natural resources. Numerous proteins and peptides in the venom of sea anemones are potentially useful agents with pharmacological properties.

Comparison of venom from wild and long-term captive and the neutralization capacity of antivenom produced in rabbits immunized with captive venom.

(NIKOLSKY, 1916) is a member of the Viperidae family in Iran. Comprehensive understanding of the toxigenic characteristics of snake venom is important for clinical monitoring of snakebite patients and effective therapy. We compared the toxic activities of venoms and the neutralization capacity of antivenoms produced with venoms from wild adult (WA) with long-term captive adult (LCA) of in order to obtain more effective antivenom from LCA in therapy, and subsequently protect from overharvesting for its venom, which poses a real threat of extinction for the species.

The Effect of Naja naja oxiana Snake Venom Against Leishmania tropica Confirmed by Advanced Assays.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the activity of Naja naja oxiana venom on Leishmania tropica and its modes of action.

Methods: Different fractions of Naja naja oxiana venom (NNOV) were prepared and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography. The superior component, fraction k (FK) was selected.

Antigenic and Substrate Preference Differences between Scorpion and Spider Dermonecrotic Toxins, a Comparative Investigation.

The scorpion and brown spider represent a public health problem in Asia and America, respectively. Although distinct, these organisms contain similar toxins responsible for the principal clinical signs of envenomation. To better understand the properties of these toxins, we designed a study to compare recombinant Heminecrolysin (rHNC) and rLiD1, the major phospholipase D toxins of scorpion and spider venom, respectively.

Analysis of the active fraction of Iranian snake venom on the metabolite profiles of the malaria parasite by HNMR .

Objectives: Malaria is an important parasitic disease with high morbidity and mortality in tropical areas. Resistance to most antimalarial drugs has encouraged the development of new drugs including natural products. Venom is a complex mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients.