[Metabolism and therapeutic monitoring of azathioprine in gastroenterology and hepatology].

Azathioprine keeps an important place in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis. This molecule has a narrow therapeutic margin, associated with a risk of toxicity, particularly hematological and hepatic. Its complex metabolism is subject to genetic polymorphisms that are reflected in the inter-individual variability observed in the response to treatment and its tolerance profile.

D-lactic acidosis in humans: systematic literature review.

Background: D-lactic acidosis is an uncommon and challenging form of metabolic acidosis that may develop in short bowel syndrome. It has been documented exclusively in case reports and small case series.

Methods: We performed a review of the literature in the National Library of Medicine and Excerpta Medica databases.