Cost-Efficient Early Diagnostic Tool for Lung Cancer: Explainable AI in Clinical Systems.

IntroductionLung cancer has the highest mortality rate among all cancer types globally, largely due to delayed or ineffective diagnosis and treatment. Radiomics is commonly used to diagnose lung cancer, especially in later stages or during routine screenings. However, frequent radiological imaging poses health risks, and while advanced diagnostic alternatives exist, they are often costly and accessible only to a limited, privileged population.

Analysis of ICU resistome dynamics in patients, staff and environment for the identification of predictive biomarkers of sepsis and early mortality.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global crisis, posing a critical challenge to healthcare systems, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs), where multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) threaten patient survival. This study offers a unique, real-world perspective on AMR dynamics by analyzing 96 metagenomic samples from three key sources: oropharyngeal and rectal swabs of deceased ICU patients (both postadmission and antemortem), healthcare workers, and high-touch ICU surfaces. Findings revealed the ICU environment as a major AMR reservoir, with oropharyngeal swabs carrying the highest AMR burden.

Development and Characterization of Starch-Based Chitosan Reinforced Composite for Food Packaging Application.

This study considers the development of composite from biodegradable bioplastic obtained from waste starch reinforced with chitosan obtained from snail shells. About 30 g of the starch, 8 mL of glycerol, 2 mL of olive oil, and 8 mL of vinegar were added without chitosan and made up to 150 mL with distilled water. For other samples, 0.

Comprehensive analysis of antimicrobial resistance dynamics among broiler and duck intensive production systems.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge requiring cross-sector action, with research largely focused on chickens, leaving ducks underexplored. This study examines AMR dynamics in Ross 308 broilers and Cherry Valley ducks over 15 months and 15 stocking periods under consistent rearing conditions. A total of 96 pooled samples were collected: 50 from broiler farms (26 biological, 24 environmental) and 46 from duck farms (24 biological, 22 environmental).

Comparative analysis of the postadmission and antemortem oropharyngeal and rectal swab microbiota of ICU patients.

Shotgun metabarcoding was conducted to examine the microbiota in a total of 48 samples from 12 critically ill patients, analyzing samples from both the oropharynx and rectum. We aimed to compare their postadmission microbiota, characterized as moderately dysbiotic, with the severely dysbiotic antemortem microbiota associated with patients' deaths. We found that, compared with postadmission samples, patient antemortem swab samples presented moderate but not significantly decreased diversity indices.

Exploring the interplay between the core microbiota, physicochemical factors, agrobiochemical cycles in the soil of the historic tokaj mád wine region.

A Hungarian survey of Tokaj-Mád vineyards was conducted. Shotgun metabarcoding was applied to decipher the microbial-terroir. The results of 60 soil samples showed that there were three dominant fungal phyla, Ascomycota 66.

Changes in the Composition of Unstimulated and Stimulated Saliva Due to Chewing Sour Cherry Gum and a Toothbrush Change.

Background: Our previous studies demonstrated that sour cherry anthocyanins (AC) reduce the salivary count of and inhibit salivary amylase activity within 30 minutes after chewing AC gum. AC gum and changing toothbrushes after scaling reduced the Gram-negative species in the unstimulated salivary microbiota. The present study examined the effect of AC gums on salivary factors, including changes in microbiome.

High-Throughput Sequencing Analysis of the Changes in the Salivary Microbiota of Hungarian Young and Adult Subpopulation by an Anthocyanin Chewing Gum and Toothbrush Change.

The sour cherry contains anthocyanins, which have bactericide action against some oral bacteria (, ). Sour cherry also has antibiofilm action against , and . Our earlier research proved that chewing sour cherry anthocyanin gum significantly reduces the amount of human salivary alpha-amylase and levels.

Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Research: Trends, Challenges and Future Directions.

The World Health Organization (WHO), in their 2022 report, identified cancer as one of the leading causes of death, accounting for about 16% of deaths worldwide. The Cancer-Moonshot community aims to reduce the cancer death rate by half in the next 25 years and wants to improve the lives of cancer-affected people. Cancer mortality can be reduced if detected early and treated appropriately.

The mosaic of AII amacrine cell bodies in rat retina is indistinguishable from a random distribution.

The vertebrate retina contains a large number of different types of neurons that can be distinguished by their morphological properties. Assuming that no location should be without a contribution from the circuitry and function linked to a specific type of neuron, it is expected that the dendritic trees of neurons belonging to a type will cover the retina in a regular manner. Thus, for most types of neurons, the contribution to visual processing is thought to be independent of the exact location of individual neurons across the retina.

Circulating microRNA sequencing revealed miRNome patterns in hematology and oncology patients aiding the prognosis of invasive aspergillosis.

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) may occur as a serious complication of hematological malignancy. Delays in antifungal therapy can lead to an invasive disease resulting in high mortality. Currently, there are no well-established blood circulating microRNA biomarkers or laboratory tests which can be used to diagnose IA.

Removal of invasive Scotch broom increases its negative effects on soil chemistry and plant communities.

Recovery of ecosystem properties following removal of invasive plants likely varies with characteristics of the plant and the relative soil quality at a given site. These factors may influence the occurrence of soil legacies and secondary invasions, hindering the effectiveness of restoration strategies. We assessed the potential for ecosystem recovery following removal of N-fixing Scotch broom for 4 years at two sites that contrasted strongly in soil quality in western Washington and Oregon, USA.

The relationship between the follow-up to discharge ratio and length of stay.

Objectives: Average length of stay (ALOS) is used as a measure of the effectiveness of care delivery and therefore is an important operational measure when evaluating both the hospitalist group and individual hospitalist performance. No metric within the control of the individual hospitalist has been identified to support the individual hospitalist's contribution to the hospitalist group's ALOS goals. This study's objective was to evaluate the correlation between the follow-up to discharge ratio (F:D ratio) and ALOS and assess the relationship between F:D ratio and hospitalist experience.

Batch Mode Active Learning on the Riemannian Manifold for Automated Scoring of Nuclear Pleomorphism in Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent invasive type of cancer among women. The mortality rate of the disease can be reduced considerably through timely prognosis and felicitous treatment planning, by utilizing the computer aided detection and diagnosis techniques. With the advent of whole slide image (WSI) scanners for digitizing the histopathological tissue samples, there is a drastic increase in the availability of digital histopathological images.

Computer-Aided Histopathological Image Analysis Techniques for Automated Nuclear Atypia Scoring of Breast Cancer: a Review.

Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy diagnosed in women. Through early detection and diagnosis, there is a great chance of recovery and thereby reduce the mortality rate. Many preliminary tests like non-invasive radiological diagnosis using ultrasound, mammography, and MRI are widely used for the diagnosis of breast cancer.

Sparse Representation Over Learned Dictionaries on the Riemannian Manifold for Automated Grading of Nuclear Pleomorphism in Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is found to be the most pervasive type of cancer among women. Computer aided detection and diagnosis of cancer at the initial stages can increase the chances of recovery and thus reduce the mortality rate through timely prognosis and adequate treatment planning. The nuclear atypia scoring or histopathological breast tumor grading remains to be a challenging problem due to the various artifacts and variabilities introduced during slide preparation and also because of the complexity in the structure of the underlying tissue patterns.

Sensing of red blood cells with decreased membrane deformability by the human spleen.

The current paradigm in the pathogenesis of several hemolytic red blood cell disorders is that reduced cellular deformability is a key determinant of splenic sequestration of affected red cells. Three distinct features regulate cellular deformability: membrane deformability, surface area-to-volume ratio (cell sphericity), and cytoplasmic viscosity. By perfusing normal human spleens ex vivo, we had previously showed that red cells with increased sphericity are rapidly sequestered by the spleen.

A New Approach to Models of the 4,5-Dihydroxycyclopentenone Core of the Kodaistatins A-D: Elucidation of the Diol Configuration in Kodaistatin A.

The kodaistatins A-D are strongly anti-diabetic natural products from Aspergillus terreus that hold some promise of a novel diabetes cure. However, considerations of that kind face two drawbacks: 1) The kodaistatins A-D contain a heavily substituted pulvinone/cyclopentenone combination; 2) they are 1,2-diols, the 3D structures of which have not been assigned yet. However, we can exclude two of the four possible stereostructures.

GoPros™ as an underwater photogrammetry tool for citizen science.

Citizen science can increase the scope of research in the marine environment; however, it suffers from necessitating specialized training and simplified methodologies that reduce research output. This paper presents a simplified, novel survey methodology for citizen scientists, which combines GoPro imagery and structure from motion to construct an ortho-corrected 3D model of habitats for analysis. Results using a coral reef habitat were compared to surveys conducted with traditional snorkelling methods for benthic cover, holothurian counts, and coral health.

Red cells from ferrochelatase-deficient erythropoietic protoporphyria patients are resistant to growth of malarial parasites.

Many red cell polymorphisms are a result of selective pressure by the malarial parasite. Here, we add another red cell disease to the panoply of erythrocytic changes that give rise to resistance to malaria. Erythrocytes from individuals with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) have low levels of the final enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, ferrochelatase.

Coupling a single electron to a Bose-Einstein condensate.

The coupling of electrons to matter lies at the heart of our understanding of material properties such as electrical conductivity. Electron-phonon coupling can lead to the formation of a Cooper pair out of two repelling electrons, which forms the basis for Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superconductivity. Here we study the interaction of a single localized electron with a Bose-Einstein condensate and show that the electron can excite phonons and eventually trigger a collective oscillation of the whole condensate.

Driving dipolar fermions into the quantum Hall regime by spin-flip induced insertion of angular momentum.

A new method to drive a system of neutral dipolar fermions into the lowest Landau level regime is proposed. By employing adiabatic spin-flip processes in combination with a diabatic transfer, the fermions are pumped to higher orbital angular momentum states in a repeated scheme that allows for the precise control over the final angular momentum. A simple analytical model is derived to quantify the transfer and compare the approach to rapidly rotating systems.

Surface area loss and increased sphericity account for the splenic entrapment of subpopulations of Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocytes.

Ex vivo perfusion of human spleens revealed innate retention of numerous cultured Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected red blood cells (ring-iRBCs). Ring-iRBC retention was confirmed by a microsphiltration device, a microbead-based technology that mimics the mechanical filtering function of the human spleen. However, the cellular alterations underpinning this retention remain unclear.