The relationship between shrunken pore syndrome and all-cause mortality in people with type 2 diabetes and normal renal function: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Aims/hypothesis: Estimated GFRs utilising creatinine- (eGFR) or cystatin C-based (eGFR) equations can generate discrepant results that are associated with clinical outcomes. A low eGFR/eGFR ratio (<0.60), reflecting a pathological glomerular state termed shrunken pore syndrome (SPS), has been associated with excess mortality in some clinical situations including diabetes.

The inter-relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection, dementia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I.

Background: Given sparse relevant data, the aim of this study was to determine whether Helicobacter pylori infection, including cytotoxin-associated gene-A (CagA) producing strains, is associated with dementia in type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods: Longitudinal data from 1115 participants in the community-based Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I (mean age 64.0 years, 48.

The Clinical Relevance of Diabetes Distress versus Major Depression in Type 2 Diabetes: A Latent Class Analysis from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Background: The nosological position and clinical relevance of the concept of diabetes distress (DD) are uncertain. The aim of this study was to use latent class analysis (LCA) to categorise classes of people with type 2 diabetes and to compare their characteristics.

Methods: Data from 662 participants in the longitudinal observational Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II were analysed.

Group-Based Trajectory Modelling of Changes in Mobility over Six Years in Type 2 Diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

To investigate temporal changes in mobility in community-based people with type 2 diabetes, Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II (FDS2) data were analysed. The baseline assessment included the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, which was repeated biennially for up to six years. Group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) identified TUG trajectory groups in participants with ≥2 tests.

The relationship between thyroid dysfunction, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Aims: It is uncertain whether subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether undetected thyroid disease increases the risk of incident CVD and death in type 2 diabetes.

Methods: One thousand two hundred fifty participants with type 2 diabetes (mean age 65.

Prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity in Australian baby boomers: the Busselton healthy ageing study.

Background And Objective: Chronic medical conditions accumulate within individuals with age. However, knowledge concerning the trends, patterns and determinants of multimorbidity remains limited. This study assessed the prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity using extensive individual phenotyping in a general population of Australian middle-aged adults.

Contemporary Cardiovascular Risk Assessment for Type 2 Diabetes Including Heart Failure as an Outcome: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment has limitations. The aim of this study was to develop a risk equation adding heart failure (HF) to conventional major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, myocardial infarction, stroke, and CVD death) and allowing for non-CVD death. 1551 community-based people with T2D (mean age 66 years, 52% males) were followed from baseline in 2008-2011 for five years to the first CVD event/death.

Prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction in type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Objective: Since the results of published studies assessing thyroid dysfunction complicating diabetes have been variable in quality, inconsistent and may not reflect contemporary clinical care, the aim of this study was to determine its prevalence and incidence in a large, well-characterized, representative cohort.

Design: Community-based, longitudinal, observational study.

Patients: A total of 1617 participants from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II (FDS2), including 130 (8.

A comparison of obesity indices in relation to mortality in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study.

Aims/hypothesis: This prospective association study aimed to compare the relationship between each of four obesity indices and mortality risk in people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: The associations of BMI, waist circumference, WHR and A Body Shape Index (ABSI) with all-cause mortality were analysed in 1282 participants of the Fremantle Diabetes Study, followed for up to 20 years after baseline assessment. Models were adjusted for age and other confounders; assessments as continuous measures and by quintile were carried out for men and women separately.

Subjective memory complaints are not increased in type 2 diabetes: A matched cohort study.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with several cognitive syndromes but whether this generates subjective complaints remains unclear. In an age- and sex-matched study, subjective memory complaints were neither more prevalent nor more severe in those with type 2 diabetes, despite them having lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores.

Dementia complicating type 2 diabetes and the influence of premature mortality: the Fremantle Diabetes Study.

Aims: To investigate risk factors for, and the influence of premature mortality on, dementia complicating type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Participants with type 2 diabetes in the community-based observational Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase 1 (n = 1291, mean age 64.0 years) were followed from 1993 to 1996 to end-June 2012.

Incidence and Determinants of Intraocular Lens Implantation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Objective: To compare the incidence of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation for cataracts between people with and without type 2 diabetes and to determine associated risk factors in those with type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: Participants with type 2 diabetes ( = 1,499) from the community-based observational Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II (FDS2) were age, sex, and zip code matched 1:4 with residents without diabetes. IOL implantation status was ascertained between entry (2008-2011) and the end of 2016 using validated data linkage.

Development and Validation of a Simple Hip Fracture Risk Prediction Tool for Type 2 Diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I.

Objective: To develop a type 2 diabetes hip fracture risk tool in community-based patients, to validate it in an independent cohort, and to compare its performance against the only published prediction equation to include type 2 diabetes as a risk factor (QFracture).

Research Design And Methods: Hip fracture hospitalizations in 1,251 participants with type 2 diabetes aged 40-89 years from the longitudinal Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I (FDS1) were ascertained between entry (1993-1996) and end-2012. Competing risk regression modeling determined independent predictors of time to first fracture over 10 years and the coefficients incorporated in a risk model.

Temporal changes in the incidence and predictors of severe hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study.

Aim: To determine the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia and its predictors in community-based patients with type 2 diabetes studied between 2008 and 2013 compared with those in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes from the same geographical area assessed a decade earlier.

Methods: We studied 1551 participants (mean age 65.7 years, 51.

Glycaemic control and mortality in older people with type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Aim: To investigate whether tight glycaemic control achieved with metformin, insulin or sulphonylurea-based pharmacotherapy increases all-cause mortality in older people with type 2 diabetes.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of individuals with known diabetes recruited between 2008 and 2011 and followed until 2016. The impact of baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) on mortality hazards was investigated in participants aged ≥75 years.

The relationship between circulating adiponectin, ADIPOQ variants and incident cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study.

Aims: To investigate the relationship between serum adiponectin, ADIPOQ variants and haplotypes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: Baseline data including serum total adiponectin and 21 ADIPOQ polymorphisms were available for 1076 participants (mean age 64.0 years, 49.

The relationship between intensification of blood glucose-lowering therapies, health status and quality of life in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Aims: To determine whether therapeutic intensification in type 2 diabetes influences health status and quality of life (QoL).

Methods: We studied 930 participants in the longitudinal observational Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II (mean age 65.3 years, 53.

Hippocampal atrophy, asymmetry, and cognition in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with global and hippocampal atrophy and cognitive deficits, and some studies suggest that the right hippocampus may display greater vulnerability than the left.

Methods: Hippocampal volumes, the hippocampal asymmetry index, and cognitive functioning were assessed in 120 nondemented adults with long duration type 2 diabetes.

Results: The majority of the sample displayed left greater than right hippocampal asymmetry (which is the reverse of the expected direction seen with normal aging).

The utility of the Diabetes Anxiety Depression Scale in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Background: Previous research using latent class analysis (LCA) identified classes of people with type 2 diabetes and specific profiles of depression and anxiety. Since LCA-derived anxious depression strongly predicts cardiovascular outcomes and mortality but cannot be applied to individuals, we developed a validated combined depression-anxiety metric, the Diabetes Anxiety Depression Scale (DADS), for potential clinical application in people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: 1,337 participants with type 2 diabetes from the observational community-based Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II completed the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item version (PHQ-9) to assess symptoms of depression, and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GADS) to assess symptoms of anxiety.

Prevalence of diabetes in Australia: insights from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Background: Accurate diabetes prevalence estimates are important for health service planning and prioritisation. Available data have limitations, suggesting that the contemporary burden of diabetes in Australia is best assessed from multiple sources.

Aims: To use systematic active detection of diabetes cases in a postcode-defined urban area through the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II (FDS2) to complement other epidemiological and survey data in estimating the national prevalence of diabetes and its types.