Demographic and academic characteristics of orthopaedic shoulder and elbow division chiefs in the United States.

Background: Division chiefs (DCs) and department leadership play an integral role within the service, and in the department as a whole. The goal of this study was to assess the demographics and academic characteristics of the leadership in orthopedic shoulder and elbow services across academic centers in the United States and comment on the diversity within these leadership positions.

Methods: Academic medical centers were identified using the FRIEDA database.

Reduction of Posterior Malleolus Fractures With Open Fixation Compared to Percutaneous Treatment.

Background: Operative decision making between approaches to posterior malleolus reduction remains a challenge. The purpose of this study is to compare the quality of reduction between percutaneous and open reduction of posterior malleolus fractures and to identify factors associated with malreduction.

Methods: Operatively managed ankle fractures that included posterior malleolus fixation were reviewed.

Time-controlled adaptive ventilation (TCAV) accelerates simulated mucus clearance via increased expiratory flow rate.

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common nosocomial infection in intensive care units. Distal airway mucus clearance has been shown to reduce VAP incidence. Studies suggest that mucus clearance is enhanced when the rate of expiratory flow is greater than inspiratory flow.

Effect of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation on Dynamic Alveolar Heterogeneity.

Importance: Ventilator-induced lung injury may arise from heterogeneous lung microanatomy, whereby some alveoli remain collapsed throughout the breath cycle while their more compliant or surfactant-replete neighbors become overdistended, and this is called dynamic alveolar heterogeneity.

Objective: To determine how dynamic alveolar heterogeneity is influenced by 2 modes of mechanical ventilation: low tidal-volume ventilation (LTVV) and airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), using in vivo microscopy to directly measure alveolar size distributions.

Design, Setting, And Participants: In a randomized, nonblinded laboratory animal study conducted between January 2013 and December 2014, 14 rats (450-500 g in size) were randomized to a control group with uninjured lungs (n = 4) and 2 experimental groups with surfactant deactivation induced by polysorbate lavage: the LTVV group (n = 5) and the APRV group (n = 5).

Successful lung transplantation from a donor with a saddle pulmonary embolus.

Pulmonary embolus has received scant attention as a contraindication to lung donation. Reported is a case of a saddle pulmonary embolus successfully treated with thrombolytics in a donor whose lung was ultimately successfully transplanted. Discussed are the theoretical likelihood of thromboembolus in potential lung donors and the possible implications of pulmonary embolism on donor selection and lung physiology around the time of transplantation.