The predictive utility of conduct disorder symptoms in preschool children: a 3-year follow-up study.

Conduct disorder (CD) symptoms often emerge during the preschool years, but it is not clear whether they predict later symptoms. The present study examined whether age 3 CD symptoms predict age 6 CD symptoms beyond oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-hyperactive/impulsive (ADHD-HI) symptoms. Participants were 216 preschool children (M Age  = 44.

Condensation reactions of guanidines with bis-electrophiles: Formation of highly nitrogenous heterocycles.

2-Amino-1,4-dihydropyrimidines were reacted with bis-electrophiles to produce novel fused bi-pyrimidine, pyrimido-aminotriazine, and pyrimido-sulfonamide scaffolds. In addition, a quinazoline library was constructed using a guanidine Atwal-Biginelli reaction with 1-(quinazolin-2-yl)guanidines. The product heterocycles have novel constitutions with high nitrogen atom counts and represent valuable additions to screening libraries for the discovery of new modulators of biological targets.

Nehruvian science and postcolonial India.

This essay uses the seminal figure of Jawaharlal Nehru to interrogate the nature and representation of science in modern India. The problem posed by Nehruvian science--the conflict between (yet simultaneity of) science as both universal phenomenon and local effect--lies at the heart of current debates about what science means for the non-West. The problematic of Nehruvian science can be accessed through Nehru's own speeches and writings, but also through the wider project of science with which he identified--critiquing colonialism, forging India's place in the modern world, marrying intellectual endeavor with practical nation building.

Spinal muscular atrophy: development and implementation of potential treatments.

In neurodegenerative disorders, effective treatments are urgently needed, along with methods to determine whether treatment worked. In this review, we discuss the rapid progress in the understanding of recessive proximal spinal muscular atrophy and how this is leading to exciting potential treatments of the disease. Spinal muscular atrophy is caused by loss of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene and reduced levels of SMN protein.

Four mechanisms in the reactions of 3-aminopyrrole with 1,3,5-triazines: inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloadditions vs S(N)Ar reactions via uncatalyzed and acid-catalyzed pathways.

Reaction of 3-aminopyrrole with seven 1,3,5-triazines was studied in a one-step reaction (in situ formation of 3-aminopyrrole) and a two-step reaction (using the tetraphenylborate salt and an amine base). An inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder reaction (IEDDA) was observed with R1 = CF3, CO2Et, and H with the formation of 5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives. S(N)Ar was observed when 2,4,6-trifluoro- or 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine were used--1,3,5-triazines that had leaving groups.

Chlorotropy of 1-chlorobenzimidazole.

The chlorotropy observed by NMR in this study occurred by the rapid intermolecular transfer of a chloro group between 1-chlorobenzimidazole and benzimidazole in CCl4/CH3OH/K2CO3 solution.

Ethambutol toxicity exacerbating the phenotype of CMT2A2.

Introduction: CMT2A2 is associated with mutations in the mitofusin 2 gene, which encodes a protein involved in mitochondrial fusion. Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial agent associated with toxic optic neuropathies. Ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy occurs in patients with mutations in a related fusion gene, OPA1, which is responsible for autosomal dominant optic atrophy.

Aromaticity and aminopyrroles: desmotropy and solution tautomerism of 1H-pyrrol-3-aminium and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-iminium cation: a stable σ-complex.

Protonation of 3-aminopyrrole at C-2 gave the σ-complex 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-iminium cation, whereas protonation at the exoamino group gave its 1H-pyrrol-3-aminium tautomer. Both tautomers were isolated as their respective tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate salt, an example of desmotropy. In solution, the NH(3)-tautomer was favored in hydrogen-bonding solvents and the CH(2)-tautomer in CH(2)Cl(2).

Human prostate DU145 carcinoma cells implanted in nude mice remove the peritoneal mesothelium to invade and grow as carcinomas.

Implanted human, androgen-independent prostatic carcinoma cells (DU145) into athymic (NCr nu/nu) mice produce diverse tumors on the peritoneal surfaces of many organs. Light and ultrastructural observations show that the mesothelial covering these surfaces are typically microvilli-coated, squamous cells or secretory cuboidal cells. The peritoneal regions colonized by tumors lack mesothelial cells and are covered by actively replicating carcinoma cells that grow as poorly differentiated cell clusters made of cell aggregates to somewhat compact spheroids covered with pleiomorphic microvilli and containing an undifferentiated vascular supply.

Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus traditional four-port cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has traditionally been performed using multiple small sites. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery has emerged as an alternative technique to improve cosmesis and minimize complications associated with multiple incisions. A retrospective study was performed of all patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy by a single surgeon (DTA) from April 2008 to August 2011.

Role for apyrases in polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis.

Recent evidence indicates that extracellular nucleotides regulate plant growth. Exogenous ATP has been shown to block auxin transport and gravitropic growth in primary roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Cells limit the concentration of extracellular ATP in part through the activity of ectoapyrases (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases), and two nearly identical Arabidopsis apyrases, APY1 and APY2, appear to share this function.

The Association between Preschool Children's Social Functioning and Their Emergent Academic Skills.

This study examined the relationship between social functioning and emergent academic development in a sample of 467 preschool children (M = 55.9 months old, SD = 3.8).

A practical approach to molecular diagnostic testing in neuromuscular diseases.

Molecular diagnosis is an important aspect in the care of patients with neuromuscular disorders. Because of the rapidly evolving nature of the field, the approach to obtaining a molecular diagnosis may be challenging. This article provides a general approach to molecular diagnostic testing while reviewing the principles of genetics and genetic disorders and the indications and limitations of testing methods in common hereditary neuromuscular disorders.

Relative quality of internet-derived gastrointestinal cancer information.

Internet-derived health care information is increasingly accessed by patients, yet its quality and accuracy is variable and unregulated. The aim of this study was to assess the information available regarding common gastrointestinal cancers via three internet search engines (Google, Yahoo and Bing). The top 30 websites for each of the terms: oesophageal, gastric, pancreatic, colon and rectal cancer were evaluated (University of Michigan Consumer Health Website Checklist) and scored [-80 (poor) to 90 (excellent)].

Test publishers' perspective on "an updated meta-analysis": comment on Van Iddekinge, Roth, Raymark, and Odle-Dusseau (2012).

Van Iddekinge, Roth, Raymark, and Odle-Dusseau's (2012) meta-analysis of pre-employment integrity test results confirmed that such tests are meaningfully related to counterproductive work behavior. The article also offered some cautionary conclusions, which appear to stem from the limited scope of the authors' focus and the specific research procedures used. Issues discussed in this commentary include the following: (a) test publishers' provision of studies for meta-analytic consideration; (b) errors and questions in the coding of statistics from past studies; (c) debatable corrections for unreliable criterion measures; (d) exclusion of laboratory, contrasted-groups, unit-level, and time-series studies of counterproductive behavior; (e) under-emphasis on the prediction of counterproductive workplace behaviors compared with job performance, training outcomes, and turnover; (f) overlooking the industry practice of deploying integrity scales with other valid predictors of employee outcomes; (g) implication that integrity test publishers produce biased research results; (h) incomplete presentation of integrity tests' resistance to faking; and (i) omission of data indicating applicants' favorable response to integrity tests, the tests' lack of adverse impact, and the positive business impact of integrity testing.

Prognosis of acute compressive radial neuropathy.

Introduction: Small published case series suggest that compressive radial neuropathy is often a self-limited phenomenon with a favorable prognosis. Due to paucity of data, we sought to clearly define prognosis.

Methods: To define clinical and electrodiagnostic features in this condition, we retrospectively reviewed consecutive cases of compressive radial neuropathy confirmed using electrodiagnostic studies at a large tertiary center over a 10-year period.

Mutant HSPB1 overexpression in neurons is sufficient to cause age-related motor neuronopathy in mice.

The small heat shock protein HSPB1 is a multifunctional, α-crystallin-based protein that has been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of motor neuron disease and peripheral nerve injury. Missense mutations in HSPB1 result in axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with minimal sensory involvement (CMT2F) and distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 2 (dHMN-II). These disorders are characterized by a selective loss of motor axons in peripheral nerve resulting in distal muscle weakness and often severe disability.

Should patients with abnormal liver function tests in primary care be tested for chronic viral hepatitis: cost minimisation analysis based on a comprehensively tested cohort.

Background: Liver function tests (LFTs) are ordered in large numbers in primary care, and the Birmingham and Lambeth Liver Evaluation Testing Strategies (BALLETS) study was set up to assess their usefulness in patients with no pre-existing or self-evident liver disease. All patients were tested for chronic viral hepatitis thereby providing an opportunity to compare various strategies for detection of this serious treatable disease.

Methods: This study uses data from the BALLETS cohort to compare various testing strategies for viral hepatitis in patients who had received an abnormal LFT result.

Parotid and temporal bone resection for skull base malignancies: outcome.

We reviewed the outcome of and determined prognostic factors for patients undergoing combined lateral skull base resection for advanced lateral skull base malignancies. We performed a retrospective, single-institution case series in an academic tertiary care hospital. Seventy-nine patients with combined temporal bone resection and parotidectomy for advanced lateral skull base malignancy were included.

Predicting Teacher Participation in a Classroom-Based, Integrated Preventive Intervention for Preschoolers.

Preschools provide a promising setting in which to conduct preventive interventions for childhood problems, but classroom programs can only be effective if teachers are willing and able to implement them. This study is one of the first to investigate predictors of the frequency of teacher participation in a classroom-based, randomized controlled trial of an integrated prevention program for preschoolers. The intervention was designed to promote school readiness with an integrated social and academic program, to be implemented by teachers with the support of classroom consultants.

Enrollment and attendance in a parent training prevention program for conduct problems.

Low levels of enrollment and attendance in parent training programs present major problems for researchers and clinicians. The literature on enrollment and attendance in prevention programs is especially limited, and these constructs may be particularly difficult to address in this context. Further, most previous research has not made the distinction between enrollment and attendance.

Professional burnout among microvascular and reconstructive free-flap head and neck surgeons in the United States.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of professional burnout among microvascular free-flap (MVFF) head and neck surgeons and to identify modifiable risk factors with the intent to reduce MVFF surgeon burnout.

Design: A cross-sectional, observational study.

Setting: A questionnaire mailed to MVFF surgeons in the United States.