The Vaccine Trust Framework: mixed-method development of a tool for understanding and quantifying trust in health systems and vaccines.

Background: Trust is a key component of vaccine demand, yet there is a lack of consensus on how to define trust alongside a lack of actionable, contextually grounded measurement tools validated in low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to develop and validate a contextually relevant trust framework and measurement tool, that can lever trust to drive resilient demand.

Methods: An exploratory sequential mixed-methods study was conducted.

Effect of long-term azithromycin treatment on gut microbial diversity in children and adolescents with HIV-associated chronic lung disease.

Background: HIV-associated chronic lung disease (HCLD) is common in children and adolescents growing up with HIV. The use of azithromycin (AZM) reduces the rate of acute respiratory exacerbations in this population, however, impact of this treatment on the gut microbiota and associations with blood-derived inflammatory markers have not been studied.

Methods: Children and adolescents with HCLD in Harare, Zimbabwe and Blantyre, Malawi were recruited in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of once-weekly AZM or placebo for 48 weeks (BREATHE trial, NCT02426112).

Associations of early life body size and pubertal timing with breast density and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: A mediation analysis.

Purpose: Whether breast density mediates associations between early life body size and pubertal timing with postmenopausal breast cancer is underexplored.

Methods: We studied 33,939 Danish women attending the Capital Mammography Screening Program at ages 50-69 years. Early life anthropometry and pubertal timing information came from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register.

The association between being breastfed in infancy and risks of cancer in adulthood-a UK Biobank study.

Background: Being breastfed has established benefits for infant health, but its long-term effects on adult diseases, including cancer, remain underexplored. We examined associations between being breastfed in infancy and the risks of common cancers.

Methods: Data from 339,115 participants (191,117 women) enrolled in the UK Biobank with self-reported breastfeeding data were linked to national cancer registries.

Exhaled nitric oxide is associated with inflammatory biomarkers and risk of acute respiratory exacerbations in children with HIV-associated chronic lung disease.

Objectives: Chronic lung disease is a recognized complication in children with HIV. Acute respiratory exacerbations (ARE) are common among this group and cause significant morbidity. Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) is a known marker of local airway inflammation.

COVID-19 severity and in-hospital mortality in an area with high HIV prevalence.

Background: HIV infection causes immune dysregulation affecting T-cell and monocyte function, which may alter coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology.

Objectives: We investigated the associations among clinical phenotypes, laboratory biomarkers, and hospitalisation outcomes in a cohort of people hospitalised with COVID-19 in a high HIV prevalence area.

Method: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study in Tshwane, South Africa.

"The effect of 48-weeks azithromycin therapy on levels of soluble biomarkers associated with HIV-associated chronic lung disease".

Objectives: HIV-associated immune activation contributes to chronic lung disease (CLD) in children and adolescents living with HIV. Azithromycin has immunomodulatory and anti-microbial properties that may be useful for treating HIV-associated CLD (HCLD). This study describes the effect of azithromycin on expression of plasma soluble biomarkers in children and adolescents with HCLD.

Proinflammatory and cardiovascular biomarkers are associated with echocardiographic abnormalities in children with HIV taking antiretroviral therapy.

Objectives: Children with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) and taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a high prevalence of subclinical cardiac disease. We hypothesized that cardiac disease may be a consequence of dysregulated systemic immune activation driven by HIV infection. We examined cardiovascular and proinflammatory biomarkers and their association with echocardiographic abnormalities in children with PHIV.

Functional Restoration of Exhausted CD8 T Cells in Chronic HIV-1 Infection by Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction.

CD8 T cell exhaustion is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection, characterized by phenotypic and functional CD8 T cell abnormalities that persist despite years of effective antiretroviral treatment (ART). More recently, the importance of cellular metabolism in shaping T cell antiviral function has emerged as a crucial aspect of immunotherapeutics aimed at re-invigorating exhausted CD8 T cells but remains under-investigated in HIV-1 infection. To gain a better insight into this process and identify new targets for effective CD8 T cell restoration we examined the metabolic profile of exhausted CD8 T cells in HIV-1 infection.

Natural Killer cells demonstrate distinct eQTL and transcriptome-wide disease associations, highlighting their role in autoimmunity.

Natural Killer cells are innate lymphocytes with central roles in immunosurveillance and are implicated in autoimmune pathogenesis. The degree to which regulatory variants affect Natural Killer cell gene expression is poorly understood. Here we perform expression quantitative trait locus mapping of negatively selected Natural Killer cells from a population of healthy Europeans (n = 245).

TRIM22 genotype is not associated with markers of disease progression in children with HIV-1 infection.

Objective: Untreated perinatal HIV-1 infection is often associated with rapid disease progression in children with HIV (CWH), characterized by high viral loads and early mortality. TRIM22 is a host restriction factor, which directly inhibits HIV-1 transcription, and its genotype variation is associated with disease progression in adults. We tested the hypothesis that TRIM22 genotype is associated with disease progression in CWH.

Soluble biomarkers associated with chronic lung disease in older children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection.

Objective: HIV-associated chronic lung disease (HCLD) is a common comorbidity in children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The pathogenesis of HCLD is unclear and may be driven by underlying dysregulated systemic immune activation and inflammation. We investigated the association between 26 plasma soluble biomarkers and HCLD.

Cytomegalovirus-Specific Immunoglobulin G Is Associated With Chronic Lung Disease in Children and Adolescents from Sub-Saharan Africa Living With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

In a cross-sectional study of 296 children and adolescents from Zimbabwe living with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus, individuals with the top tertile of cytomegalovirus-specific immunoglobulin G titer had an increased odds of chronic lung disease (odds ratio, 3.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-8.