The effect of sagittal and rotational malalignment of distal humeral fractures on elbow mobility: a cadaveric study.

This study aims to investigate the correlation between axial and sagittal malrotation of distal humerus fractures and elbow mobility. A transverse distal humerus fracture was generated in 5 cadaveric specimens. Rotation of the distal humeral fragment was performed on the medial column with a stable lateral column, as well as rotation of the lateral column with a stable medial column.

Normalisation of real-time RT-PCR gene expression measurements in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to increased metal concentrations.

Accurate quantification by real-time RT-PCR relies on normalisation of the measured gene expression data. Normalisation with multiple reference genes is becoming the standard, but the best reference genes for gene expression studies within one organism may depend on the applied treatments or the organs and tissues studied. Ideally, reference genes should be evaluated in all experimental systems.