Understanding off-target growth defects introduced to influenza A virus by synonymous recoding.

CpG dinucleotides are under-represented in the genomes of most RNA viruses. Synonymously increasing CpG content of a range of RNA virus genomes reliably causes replication defects due to the recognition of CpG motifs in RNA by cellular Zinc-finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP). Prior to the discovery of ZAP as a CpG sensor, we described an engineered influenza A virus (IAV) enriched for CpGs in segment 5 that displays the expected replication defects.

Nutrient restriction protects against valve interstitial cell calcification by upregulating ubiquitin mediated proteolysis.

Introduction: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common and progressive valvular heart disease characterised by the pathological calcification of valve interstitial cells (VICs). Current clinical treatments, such as surgical valve replacement and transcatheter valve implantation, are invasive and do not target the underlying molecular mechanisms of calcification. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic interventions may modulate cellular calcification processes.

Globe Volume Asymmetry After Intra-arterial Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma.

Retinoblastoma, a potentially fatal pediatric intraocular malignancy, is now curable with intravenous and intra-arterial (IAC) chemotherapy. In this report, the authors describe globe volume asymmetry, a lesser-known sequela of IAC, as well as the hemodynamics of a tumor-laden eye, pattern of eyeball growth following IAC, and potential mechanisms of amblyopia in retinoblastoma survivors. .

Health Literacy and Physical Function Among Older Black and Hispanic Individuals With Heart Failure.

Background: Insufficient health literacy negatively impacts outcomes for heart failure (HF). Older adults with HF face significant barriers, including prevalence of multiple comorbidities, frailty and deficits in physical function, which can impact HF outcomes. Examination of the association between health literacy and physical function remains limited in older adults with HF.

Local inflammation at the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) attachment site contributes to copepodid rejection in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).

The study investigates the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Pacific salmon species (pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha; coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch; and chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta) to the parasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). The research had two main objectives: to characterize the morphology of the scaly skin in four salmonid species and to compare the cellular response at the louse attachment site in coho salmon and Atlantic salmon. Three consecutive challenge trials were conducted, with successful louse infestation only achieved across all four species in the third trial using mild anesthesia with tricaine methanesulfonate.