THE IMPACT OF SYSTEMIC DRUGS ON THE ORAL AND GUT MICROBIOME: A NARRATIVE REVIEW.

Objective: This narrative review examines the impact of systemic drugs, including antibiotics and non-antibiotic medications, on the oral and gut microbiomes, highlighting mechanisms of microbial alteration and clinical implications.

Methodology: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published from 2014 to 2025. Keywords included "systemic drugs," "oral microbiome," "gut microbiome," and "dysbiosis.