Neonatal Tracheal Intubation in the NICU: A Literature Review.

This literature review explores factors influencing neonatal ICU intubation success, compares outcomes across settings, and identifies strategies to improve outcomes in this vulnerable population. A PubMed search was conducted using relevant keywords related to neonatal tracheal intubation. Studies published in English from 2000 to 2024 were included, with additional sources identified through manual bibliography reviews.

Implementing exposure limits for players in contact team sports: review of principles and practices.

Concerns have been raised that professional athletes taking part in contact team sports, such as football and rugby union, are subject to the risk of post-career adverse health conditions. These health concerns include neurodegenerative diseases resulting from head impacts and osteoarthritis in lower limb joints due to wear and tear. There have been suggestions that athletes in contact team sports should be subject to exposure limitations to mitigate these risks.

Why Median Severity and Ordinal Scale Severity Values should not be used for Injury Burden Results: A Critical Review.

Injury burden is a composite measure of injury incidence and mean severity; this parameter has been reported as an output measure from injury surveillance studies in rugby for over 20 years. The benefits of reporting injury burden results have, more recently, been recognised in other sports. This wider use of injury burden as an output measure from injury surveillance studies has, however, highlighted misunderstandings about how to calculate, present and interpret injury burden data.

Heading Frequency and Risk of Cognitive Impairment in Retired Male Professional Soccer Players.

Importance: Although professional soccer players appear to be at higher risk of neurodegenerative disease, the reason remains unknown.

Objective: To examine whether heading frequency is associated with risk of cognitive impairment in retired professional soccer players.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A UK nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted between August 15, 2020, and December 31, 2021, in 459 retired male professional soccer players older than 45 years and registered with the Professional Footballers' Association or a League Club Players' Association.

Cognitive Impairment and Self-Reported Dementia in UK Retired Professional Soccer Players: A Cross Sectional Comparative Study.

Background: Previous studies based on death certificates have found professional soccer players were more likely to die with neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether retired professional male soccer players would perform worse on cognitive tests and be more likely to self-report dementia diagnosis than general population control men.

Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted between August 2020 and October 2021 in the United Kingdom (UK).

Why Median Severity and Ordinal Scale Severity Values should not be used for Injury Burden Results: A Critical Review.

Injury burden is a composite measure of injury incidence and mean severity; this parameter has been reported as an output measure from injury surveillance studies in rugby for over 20 years. The benefits of reporting injury burden results have, more recently, been recognised in other sports. This wider use of injury burden as an output measure from injury surveillance studies has, however, highlighted misunderstandings about how to calculate, present and interpret injury burden data.

Non-contact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Epidemiology in Team-Ball Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis by Sex, Age, Sport, Participation Level, and Exposure Type.

Background: Not all anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are preventable. While some ACL injuries are unavoidable such as those resulting from a tackle, others that occur in non-contact situations like twisting and turning in the absence of external contact might be more preventable. Because ACL injuries commonly occur in team ball-sports that involve jumping, landing and cutting manoeuvres, accurate information about the epidemiology of non-contact ACL injuries in these sports is needed to quantify their extent and burden to guide resource allocation for risk-reduction efforts.

Foot and ankle Osteoarthritis and Cognitive impairment in retired UK Soccer players (FOCUS): protocol for a cross-sectional comparative study with general population controls.

Introduction: Professional footballers commonly experience sports-related injury and repetitive microtrauma to the foot and ankle, placing them at risk of subsequent chronic pain and osteoarthritis (OA) of the foot and ankle. Similarly, repeated heading of the ball, head/neck injuries and concussion have been implicated in later development of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia. A recent retrospective study found that death from neurodegenerative diseases was higher among former professional soccer players compared with age matched controls.

Mastering the Topic, the Message, and the Delivery: Leveraging the Social Marketing Mix to Better Implement Sports Injury Prevention Programs.

Social marketing is successful at tackling global health threats and social change but has not been fully explored in sports injury prevention contexts. The social marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) can help create exercise-based injury prevention programs with high-value propositions that will be relevant to their implementation (adoption, adherence, maintenance). To improve the real-world effectiveness of injury prevention programs, we share steps that researchers and sports administrators can take tomorrow to leverage the social marketing mix to encourage downstream consumers, such as coaches, clinicians, parents, and athletes, to implement injury prevention programs.

Eight-season epidemiological study of match injuries in women's international rugby sevens.

This study aimed to describe anthropometry and incidence, nature and causes of match injuries in women's international rugby sevens and to compare these with results reported previously for men's international rugby sevens. The study comprised an 8-season, prospective study of World Rugby's women's Sevens World Series. Over the eight seasons, the overall incidence of injury was 105.

The epidemiology of kicking injuries in professional Rugby Union: A 15-season prospective study.

Purpose: While kicking in Rugby Union can be influential to match outcome, the epidemiology of kicking injuries remains unknown. This study therefore aimed to investigate the epidemiology of injuries attributed to kicking in professional rugby, including playing position-specific effects and differences in kicking volumes and kick types.

Methods: Fifteen seasons of injury surveillance data and two seasons of match kicking characteristics from professional rugby players were analyzed.

Ten-season epidemiological study of match injuries in men's international rugby sevens.

The aim of this study was to describe the incidence, nature and causes of match injuries in men's international rugby sevens and to compare these to values for international rugby fifteens. The study comprised a 10-season, whole population, prospective study of the Sevens World Series. Over the ten seasons, the overall incidence of injury was 122.

Intra-articular Injection Administration in UK Ex-professional Footballers During Their Playing Careers and the Association with Post-career Knee Osteoarthritis.

Background: The long-term risk from knee intra-articular (KIA) injections in professional athletes such as ex-footballers remains unknown. The use of KIA injections is controversial and remains anecdotally prolific as it is perceived as being safe/beneficial. The aim of this study was to determine the number, type and frequency KIA injections administered to retired professional footballers during their playing careers and the associations with post-career knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Patterns of training volume and injury risk in elite rugby union: An analysis of 1.5 million hours of training exposure over eleven seasons.

Rugby union is a popular team sport that demands high levels of physical fitness and skill. The study aim was to examine trends in training volume and its impact on injury incidence, severity and burden over an 11-season period in English professional rugby. Data were recorded from 2007/08 through 2017/18, capturing 1,501,606 h of training exposure and 3,782 training injuries.

Depressive symptoms and the general health of retired professional footballers compared with the general population in the UK: a case-control study.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and general health of male ex-professional footballers compared with general population controls.

Methods: 572 retired professional footballers and 500 general population controls in the UK were assessed by postal questionnaire. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and a threshold score of ≥11 was used to indicate probable caseness.

Guidelines for community-based injury surveillance in rugby union.

Objectives: The vast majority of rugby union ('rugby') participants are community-based players; however, the majority of injury surveillance studies reported relate to the elite, professional game. A potential reason for this dearth of studies could be the perceived difficulty of using the consensus statement for injury recording at the community level. The aim of this study was to identify areas where the consensus statement could be adapted for easier and more appropriate implementation within the community setting.

Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis in Retired Professional Footballers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: To determine risk factors for 3 knee osteoarthritis (KOA) outcomes, knee pain (KP), radiographic KOA (RKOA), and total knee replacement (TKR) in professional footballers.

Design: This was a cross-sectional study involving a postal questionnaire, followed by radiographic assessment in a subcohort of responders.

Settings And Participants: Four thousand seven hundred seventy-five questionnaires were sent to retired professional footballers, who had played in the English football league, and 1207 responded.

Assessing the Return on Investment of Injury Prevention Procedures in Professional Football.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to develop a quick and simple screening procedure for evaluating the return on investment provided by injury prevention programmes in professional football. Injury prevention in sport has usually been considered in isolation of other management responsibilities, and interventions are published irrespective of whether their impact is worthwhile and irrespective of the return on players' time investment in the programme. This approach is naive from a business perspective and is not an approach normally adopted by commercial organisations.

Injury Risk (Burden), Risk Matrices and Risk Contours in Team Sports: A Review of Principles, Practices and Problems.

The aim of this review was to provide insights into and a critical assessment of injury burden, risk matrices and risk contours in the context of team sports. Injury burden is the product of injury incidence and mean severity, and is normally reported as days' absence/1000 player-hours. An important feature of injury burden is that equal values can reflect quite different numerical combinations of injury incidence and severity.

Eight-season epidemiological study of injuries in men's international Under-20 rugby tournaments.

The aim of this study was to define the incidence and nature of match injuries sustained in men's international under-20 rugby. The study comprised an 8-season prospective study of 16 international under-20 rugby tournaments. Procedures complied with the consensus statement for epidemiological studies in rugby.

Modelling injury-burden in rugby sevens.

Objectives: To develop a time-based model of injury-burden for international rugby sevens teams and to demonstrate its utility.

Design: Descriptive, cohort study.

Methods: Injury data recorded during seven seasons of the Sevens World Series were used to quantify the rate of injury and the rate at which injured players recovered from injury.

"Recognize and Remove": A Universal Principle for the Management of Sports Injuries.

Objective: To identify the locations and types of injury that result in players not being immediately removed from the field of play when injured and to quantify the magnitude of the situation.

Design: Prospective cohort epidemiological study with definitions and procedures compliant with the international consensus statement for studies in rugby.

Setting: Sevens World Series (SWS) (2008-2016) and Rugby World Cup (RWC) (2007, 2011, 2015).

Subsequent Injuries and Early Recurrent Diagnoses in elite Rugby Union Players.

An eight-season (2005/06-2012/13) prospective cohort design was used to record time-loss injuries in 15 English Premiership teams. Data pertaining to a total of 1 556 players and 9 597 injuries (8 180 subsequent) were included in the analysis. Injuries subsequent to an index injury were classified as (1) New: different site; (2) Local: same site (and different type); or (3) Recurrent: same site and type.

A Kinetic Model Describing Injury-Burden in Team Sports.

Background: Injuries in team sports are normally characterised by the incidence, severity, and location and type of injuries sustained: these measures, however, do not provide an insight into the variable injury-burden experienced during a season. Injury burden varies according to the team's match and training loads, the rate at which injuries are sustained and the time taken for these injuries to resolve. At the present time, this time-based variation of injury burden has not been modelled.