Alum-anchored IL-12 combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade enhanced antitumor immune responses in head and neck cancer models.

Background: First-line treatment with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) has improved survival. However, the overall response rate with this standard of care regimen (SOC) remains limited. Interleukin (IL)-12 is a potent cytokine that facilitates the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity, making it crucial in the antitumor response.

Murray secretion scale and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in predicting aspiration in dysphagic patients.

The objective of this retrospective review is to evaluate the ability of the Murray secretion scale to predict aspiration as determined by fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Patients with dysphagia undergoing a fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing study between January 2013 and November 2015 from a single, tertiary care institution were retrospectively reviewed. The Murray secretion scale and penetration aspiration scale on fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing examination were determined.