Exploring Compound Kushen Injection's Anticancer Properties in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Integrated Approach of Network Pharmacology, Bioinformatics, and Experimental Validation.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), commonly referred to as primary liver cancer, is a malignant neoplasm that originates within the liver. Conventional treatment modalities frequently result in less than satisfactory outcomes, primarily attributed to the intricate physiological and pathological contexts. Compound Kushen Injection (CKI), formulated from the botanicals Sophora flavescens and Atractylodes macrocephala, is employed as a supplementary therapy in the treatment of advanced-stage malignant tumors, including HCC.