Developmental toxicity of microplastics in human stem cells using adverse outcome pathway based integrated approaches to testing and assessment approach.

Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs), detected in human tissues including the placenta, raise significant concerns regarding their potential impact on early human development. However, the mechanisms underlying their developmental toxicity remain poorly understood. To address this, we applied an Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) framework to evaluate the developmental toxicity of polystyrene (PS) MNPs by combining adverse outcome pathway (AOP) development, experimental testing within an Integrated Testing Strategy (ITS), and literature-based data integration.