The role of serum biomarkers in differential diagnosis of epileptic seizures, functional/cognitive seizure and syncope: A prospective cohort study.

Objective: Differentiating epileptic seizures (ES) from other transient loss of consciousness including syncope and Functional/Cognitive Seizure (FCS) poses significant challenges in emergency settings. Laboratory biomarkers have emerged as valuable tools in enhancing diagnostic precision. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of serum biomarkers, including phosphate, lactate, prolactin, and ammonia, in distinguishing ES from FCS and related conditions.