Assessing the impacts of nanoencapsulated geraniol on amphibians: A step toward sustainable pesticide alternatives?

Amphibians are vulnerable to the effects of pesticides, and nanoencapsulation of geraniol in zein nanocapsules may provide a more sustainable alternative to synthetic pesticides. These nanoformulations enhance the targeting of active ingredients, reduce the amount of pesticide applied, and may reduce impacts on non-target organisms. Thus, the effects of geraniol (GER), nanoencapsulated geraniol (nGER), and zein nanocapsules (NANO) were evaluated on Aquarana catesbeiana tadpoles after 24 and 96 h exposure.