Primary hyperparathyroidism in children: Insights from a single-center cohort.

Introduction: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a rare endocrine disorder in children, often presenting with symptomatic hypercalcemia and end-organ damage.

Aim Of The Study: We aim to describe the clinical features, treatment outcomes, and follow-up of pediatric PHPT patients at a tertiary center in Portugal.

Material And Methods: A retrospective study including all patients under 18 years diagnosed with PHPT between 2012 and 2024.

Liraglutide in the management of obesity: real world data (Portugal).

Background: Overweight and obesity are major public health issues with increasing incidence and prevalence, affecting more than 50% of the population in developed countries. Due to its complex pathophysiology and multifactorial etiology, disease understanding, diagnostic approach and management remain suboptimal. Together with a structured nutritional intervention and physical activity plan, pharmacological treatment has the potential to magnify weight loss and health related benefits.

High prevalence of cardiovascular disease and risk factors among type 2 diabetes patients followed in a hospital setting in Portugal: The PICT2RE observational study.

Introduction And Objectives: Portugal is a country with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The prevalence of CVD and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors among T2D patients followed in hospitals in Portugal is not known. The primary objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of CVD and CV risk factors among T2D patients in a hospital setting in Portugal.

Parathyroid carcinoma: Single centre experience.

Objective: Parathyroid Carcinoma is a rare malignant neoplasm, accounting for less than 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism cases. Parathyroid carcinomas are characterized by markedly elevated levels of PTH, severe hypercalcemia and established target organ damage. The authors report the experience of a single centre regarding the management and outcome of patients with parathyroid carcinomas and revise relevant literature.

Pituitary Apoplexy Following Systemic Anticoagulation.

Unlabelled: Pituitary apoplexy is a rare medico-surgical emergency that stems from an acute expansion of a pituitary adenoma from infarction or haemorrhage and where the treatment strategy is still controversial. Clinical presentation is highly variable and a high index of suspicion is needed to make the diagnosis. Furthermore, in less than half of cases, a precipitating event is identified.

The Effect of Changing Regular Care Provider in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study.

Introduction: Several studies have demonstrated the benefits of having a regular care provider on the control of chronic diseases. Our study intends to clarify the effects of the transition to a new diabetologist on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes patients followed-upin a tertiary care setting.

Material And Methods: Retrospective study performed in an endocrinology outpatient clinic.

Granular cell tumour of the neurohypophysis: an unusual cause of hypopituitarism.

Unlabelled: Granular cell tumours (GCT) are rare, slow-growing, benign neoplasms that are usually located in the head and neck. They are more frequent in the female gender and typically have an asymptomatic clinical course, being diagnosed only at autopsy. Symptomatic GCT of the neurohypophysis are exceedingly rare, being less than 70 cases described so far.

Paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma? A peculiar diagnosis.

Paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas are rare catecholamine secreting neoplasms that arise in the extra-adrenal autonomic paraganglia and adrenal medulla, respectively. Although typically presenting with paroxysms of headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis and hypertension, a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations may occur. Diagnosis relies on biochemical studies followed by adequate imaging investigation.

[Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus].

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common disease, affecting up to 13.1% of the Portuguese population. In addition to the known micro and macrovascular complications, drug side effects constitute a major concern, leading to changes in the treatment guidelines, which favor safety over efficacy.

Severe Cushing's syndrome and bilateral pulmonary nodules: beyond ectopic ACTH.

Unlabelled: Cushing's syndrome is a rare disease that results from prolonged exposure to supraphysiological levels of glucocorticoids. Severe and rapidly progressive cases are often, but not exclusively, attributable to ectopic ACTH secretion. Extreme hypercortisolism usually has florid metabolic consequences and is associated with an increased infectious and thrombotic risk.

Down syndrome and Moyamoya disease: unusual cause of stroke.

Down syndrome is a frequent clinical entity, being considered one of the most frequent chromosomal aberrations. It is characterised by a typical clinical phenotype and is associated with a heterogeneous group of organ and system-specific abnormalities. The cardiovascular system is commonly affected and if so, it may be associated with an increased morbidity and mortality.

Diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism in HIV: an unexpected cause.

Unlabelled: Central diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare clinical entity characterized by low circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) presenting with polyuria and volume depletion. Pituitary surgery is the most common cause of central DI in adults. Pituitary and hypothalamic disease, particularly invasive neoplasms, rarely cause DI, being idiopathic cases responsible for the majority of non-surgical cases.

Thyrotoxicosis leading to adrenal crises reveals primary bilateral adrenal lymphoma.

Unlabelled: Primary adrenal lymphoma is a rare malignancy. It frequently presents bilaterally and with symptoms of adrenal insufficiency. Amiodarone may induce secondary organ dysfunction, and thyrotoxicosis develops in 15% of cases.

Renal function markers and metformin eligibility.

Background: Metformin is the cornerstone of the pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It belongs to the biguanide class of drugs and it improves hepatic insulin resistance and enhances GLP-1 and peptide YY secretion. Despite being considered safe regarding hypoglycemic risk, renal dysfunction remains the main obstacle to its use due to the underlying risk of lactic acidosis.

Diabetes mellitus and acquired haemophilia: new association?

Diabetes mellitus encompasses a group of highly prevalent carbohydrate metabolic disorders with an increasing incidence. Some subtypes are thought to be associated with other immune-mediated diseases. Acquired haemophilia on the other hand is a quite rare autoimmune disease that is thought to be secondary to the emergence of inhibiting anticoagulation factor VIII antibodies (inhibitors) in patients with previously normal haemostatic function.

Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma of the Thyroid.

Thyroid lymphomas are rare clinical entities that may result from either the primary intrathyroid or secondary thyroid gland involvement of a lymphoma. Among these, the Hodgkin's subtype is quite uncommon, accounting for 0.6-5% of all thyroid malignancies.