Sequence analysis of the hepatitis D virus across genotypes reveals highly conserved regions amidst evidence of recombination.

Sequence diversity of the hepatitis D virus (HDV) may impact viral clearance, contributing to the development of chronic infection. T-Cell-induced selection pressure and viral recombination can induce diversity throughout the viral genome including coding and noncoding regions, with the former potentially impacting viral pathogenicity and the latter exerting regulatory functions. Here, we aim to assess sequence variations of the HDV genome within and across HDV genotypes.

Broadly neutralizing antibodies isolated from HEV convalescents confer protective effects in human liver-chimeric mice.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes 3.3 million symptomatic cases and 44,000 deaths per year. Chronic infections can arise in immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women may suffer from fulminant disease as a consequence of HEV infection.

Viral modulation of type II interferon increases T cell adhesion and virus spread.

During primary varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection, infected lymphocytes drive primary viremia, causing systemic dissemination throughout the host, including the skin. This results in cytokine expression, including interferons (IFNs), which partly limit infection. VZV also spreads from skin keratinocytes to lymphocytes prior to secondary viremia.