Tetranectin and Paraoxonase 1 in Patients with Varying Stages of Heart Failure: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality across the globe, prompting ongoing research into novel biomarkers for improved risk stratification and patient management. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between two promising biomarkers, tetranectin and paraoxonase 1, and the severity of heart failure in a cohort of 87 patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Participants were categorized into three groups based on their New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification: no HF (Control), NYHA class I (G1), and NYHA class II-IV (G2).