Integrated sensor platform for real-time monitoring of nitrate, ammonium, temperature, and pH in aquatic environments.

This study reports the development and characterization of an integrated electrochemical sensor platform for real-time, simultaneous detection of nitrate, ammonium, temperature, and pH in aquatic environments. The nitrate and ammonium sensors utilized customized copper (Cu) and polyaniline (PANI) electrodes, respectively, which exhibited high sensitivity within a detection range from 1 to 100 mg/L for nitrate and 0.05-10 mg/L for ammonium.

Development of qPCR assays for bacterial nitrification and denitrification genes in catfish aquaculture ponds.

Nitrogenous waste products are toxic to fish, and their removal is a critical process in aquaculture production. In earthen pond production systems, such as those used in the catfish industry, phytoplankton act as the dominant sink for ammonia; however, bacteria can also play roles in denitrification and nitrification, particularly when excess ammonia exists. As the US catfish industry continues to intensify, the bacterial communities relevant in the removal of nitrogenous waste will become more integral to efficient production and necessitate further research.

Postprandial oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion and carbon dioxide production of channel and blue catfish.

Fishes undergo dramatic physiological changes upon consumption of a meal, including an increase in oxygen consumption to support the metabolic cost of digestion [specific dynamic action (SDA)] and an increase in the excretion of ammonia. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and blue catfish (I. furcatus) are two species commonly used for commercial aquaculture production in the United States.

Hypothalamic transcriptome response to simulated diel earthen pond hypoxia cycles in channel catfish ().

Commercial culture of channel catfish () occurs in earthen ponds that are characterized by diel swings in dissolved oxygen concentration that can fall to severe levels of hypoxia, which can suppress appetite and lead to suboptimal growth. Given the significance of the hypothalamus in regulating these processes in other fishes, an investigation into the hypothalamus transcriptome was conducted to identify specific genes and expression patterns responding to hypoxia. Channel catfish in normoxic water were compared with catfish subjected to 12 h of hypoxia (20% oxygen saturation; 1.

Effect of hypoxia duration and pattern on channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) neuropeptide gene expression and hematology.

Commercial aquaculture production of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) occurs in shallow ponds with daily cycling of dissolved oxygen concentration ranging from supersaturation to severe hypoxia. Once daily minimum dissolved oxygen concentration falls below 3.0 mg O/L, channel catfish have a reduced appetite, leading to reduced growth rates.

Cognitive behavioral therapy and schizophrenia: a survey of clinical practices and views on efficacy in the United States and United kingdom.

Research has shown that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in the treatment of schizophrenia (Wykes et al. in Schizophr Bull 34(3):523-537, 2008). The majority of this research has been conducted in the United Kingdom (Beck and Rector in Am J Psychother 54:291-300, 2000) where the National Health Service recommends that CBT be delivered to all people with schizophrenia (NICE in Schizophrenia: core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in primary and secondary care (update).

Cooking and grinding reduces the cost of meat digestion.

The cooking of food is hypothesized to have played a major role in human evolution partly by providing an increase in net energy gain. For meat, cooking compromises the structural integrity of the tissue by gelatinizing the collagen. Hence, cooked meat should take less effort to digest compared to raw meat.

Adaptive regulation of digestive performance in the genus Python.

The adaptive interplay between feeding habits and digestive physiology is demonstrated by the Burmese python, which in response to feeding infrequently has evolved the capacity to widely regulate gastrointestinal performance with feeding and fasting. To explore the generality of this physiological trait among pythons, we compared the postprandial responses of metabolism and both intestinal morphology and function among five members of the genus Python: P. brongersmai, P.