The Glass Ceiling in Global Health: Perspectives of Female and Male Anesthesiologists.

Background: Gender equity is essential for improving health outcomes globally. Despite comprising 75% of the global health workforce and dominating academic global health programs, women remain underrepresented in leadership positions in global health organizations. Our study aimed to identify potential gender differences in the beliefs and attitudes regarding barriers that women anesthesiologists encounter in pursuing careers and leadership roles in global health and to identify recommendations for improving gender equity in global health.

Real-Time Digital Feedback Device and Simulated Newborn Ventilation Quality.

Objectives: Effective bag-valve-mask ventilation is critical for reducing perinatal asphyxia-related neonatal deaths; however, providers often fail to achieve and maintain effective ventilation. The Augmented Infant Resuscitator (AIR) attaches to bag-valve-masks and provides visual feedback on air leaks, blocked airways, harsh breaths, and improper ventilatory rates. We evaluated the effect of this real-time-digital feedback on ventilation quality and the effective determination of airway integrity in a randomized controlled study in Uganda and the United States.

Evaluating the effectiveness of a mobile application to improve the quality, collection, and usability of forensic documentation of sexual violence.

Background: Survivors of sexual violence deserve timely and high-quality forensic examination, evidence collection, and documentation as part of comprehensive care. However, in many countries, the quality of medical-legal documentation is severely limited. MediCapt is an innovative digital application that enables clinicians to document forensic medical evidence as well as capture and securely store forensic photographs of injuries.

Standardizing the Evaluation and Management of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in a Level IV NICU.

Objectives: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe intestinal inflammatory disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in NICUs. Management of NEC is variable because of the lack of evidence-based recommendations. It is widely accepted that standardization of patient care leads to improved outcomes.

Assessing Knowledge and Acceptability of a Trauma-Informed Training Model to Strengthen Response to Conflict and Gender-Based Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Background: Conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence is common in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, but there are few evaluations of multisectoral training interventions in conflict settings. We conducted high-quality, trauma-informed medicolegal trainings amongst multisectoral professionals, and sought to describe changes in knowledge after training and perceived training acceptability.

Methods: Participants were health, law enforcement, and legal professionals who completed training at one of four sites from January 2012 to December 2018.

Multiyear, Multisectoral Training Program in Kenya to Enhance Medical-Legal Processes in Response to Sexual and Gender-Based Violence.

Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) leads to severe sequelae for individuals and communities. Lack of cross-sector coordination inhibits effective medical-legal support and justice for survivors. Multisectoral trainings for health, legal, and law enforcement professionals on survivor-centered SGBV care were conducted in Kenya during 2012-2018.

Reducing Blood Culture and Antibiotic Usage in Neonates: Using Quality Improvement Science to Guide Implementation of a Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Calculator.

Background: A maternal diagnosis of chorioamnionitis, based on maternal peripartum fever of 100.4°F alone, is commonly used as an indication for blood work and antibiotic treatment in newborns. New strategies such as the Kaiser Permanente early-onset sepsis (EOS) calculator have proven effective in identifying high-risk newborns and reducing unnecessary antibiotic administration.

Remote online global health education among U.S. medical students during COVID-19 and beyond.

Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021 Harvard Medical School course Clinical Topics in Global Health was offered for the first time as a remote class. We sought to understand student and faculty perceptions of the elective and evaluate the perceived effectiveness of teaching global health using an online education platform.

Methods: Following the course, students and faculty were invited to complete a combined total of three online surveys, which consisted of closed- and open-response questions assessing the strengths and challenges of online learning.

Trainee Perspectives Regarding Advanced Clinical Global Health Fellowships in North America.

Postgraduate clinical global health (GH) training is a rapidly evolving field. To understand and improve training opportunities, we sought the perspectives of current and former trainees related to their advanced clinical training or global health fellowships and the anticipated impact on their careers. Clinical GH fellowships across North America were identified through websites and previous studies.

Pediatric Refugee Health Care Delivery in the Community Setting: An Educational Workshop for Multidisciplinary Family-Centered Care During Resettlement.

Introduction: With 70.8 million people displaced worldwide, there is an increasing need for medical professionals to provide medical care to refugees. Insufficient training on refugee health poses a barrier to effective care delivery.

Delivering primary healthcare in conflict-affected settings: A review of the literature.

Objective: Conflict is often destructive to existing services and exacerbates population health inequities and the vulner-abilities of existing healthcare. We undertook a scoping review of the literature concerning delivery of primary healthcare (PHC) in post-conflict settings.

Design: We undertook a scoping review of the peer-reviewed and gray literature to identify articles related to the development and delivery of PHC in post-conflict settings.

Scaling up Ghana's national newborn care initiative: integrating 'helping babies breathe' (HBB), 'essential care for every baby' (ECEB), and newborn 'infection prevention' (IP) trainings.

Background: Responding to stagnating neonatal mortality rates in Ghana, a five-year collaboration called Making Every Baby Count Initiative (MEBCI) was undertaken to improve the quality of newborn care provided around the time of birth. A multi-pronged approach was used to build health worker (HW) capacity in resuscitation, essential newborn care, and infection prevention using a curriculum built on the American Academy of Pediatric's (AAP) Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) and Essential Care for Every Baby (ECEB) modules with an added section on infection prevention (IP).

Methods: MEBCI used a training of trainer's approach to train 3688 health workers from district-level facilities in four regions in Ghana between June 2015 and July 2017.

Implementation of the Helping Babies Breathe Training Program: A Systematic Review.

Context: Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) is a well-established neonatal resuscitation program designed to reduce newborn mortality in low-resource settings.

Objectives: In this literature review, we aim to identify challenges, knowledge gaps, and successes associated with each stage of HBB programming.

Data Sources: Databases used in the systematic search included Medline, POPLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, African Index Medicus, Cochrane, and Index Medicus.

Perspectives and Solutions from Clinical Trainees and Mentors Regarding Ethical Challenges During Global Health Experiences.

Background: Clinical trainees face challenges throughout short-term experiences in global health (STEGH) that are not routinely addressed.

Objectives: Describe common professional and ethical dilemmas faced by clinical trainees and identify gaps and solutions for pre, during, and post-STEGH training and mentoring.

Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study among trainees and mentors involved in global health.

Status of global health fellowship training in the United States and Canada.

Background: Increasing numbers of residency graduates desire global health (GH) fellowship training. However, the full extent of training options is not clear.

Objective: To identify clinical GH fellowships in all specialties in the U.

Understanding Health Care Access Disparities Among Human Trafficking Survivors: Profiles of Health Care Experiences, Access, and Engagement.

Human trafficking is associated with a profound burden of physical and psychological trauma. Survivors of trafficking interact with the health care system during and after their experiences of trafficking. Socioeconomic isolation, stigma, shame, guilt, fear of judgment, fear of retribution by traffickers, fear of law enforcement authorities, and other factors known to inhibit disclosure can exert a formative influence on survivors' health care experiences, health care access, and health services engagement.

Extent, nature and consequences of performing outside scope of training in global health.

Background: Globalization has made it possible for global health professionals and trainees to participate in short-term training and professional experiences in a variety of clinical- and non-clinical activities across borders. Consequently, greater numbers of healthcare professionals and trainees from high-income countries (HICs) are working or volunteering abroad and participating in short-term experiences in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). How effective these activities are in advancing global health and in addressing the crisis of human resources for health remains controversial.

Intraoperative awareness and experience with a ketamine-based anaesthesia package to support emergency and essential surgery when no anaesthetist is available.

Introduction: Five of the 7.2 billion people on earth have limited access to emergency and essential surgical procedures. The lack of safe, affordable and timely anaesthesia services are primary barriers to universal surgical coverage.

Structured on-the-job training to improve retention of newborn resuscitation skills: a national cohort Helping Babies Breathe study in Tanzania.

Background: Newborn resuscitation is a life-saving intervention for birth asphyxia, a leading cause of neonatal mortality. Improving provider newborn resuscitation skills is critical for delivering quality care, but the retention of these skills has been a challenge. Tanzania implemented a national newborn resuscitation using the Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) training program to help address this problem.

Bubble CPAP devices for infants and children in resource-limited settings: review of the literature.

: Early management of respiratory distress is critical to reducing mortality in infants and children in resource-limited settings. Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) can offer effective and affordable non-invasive respiratory support. : To determine the best physical components of bubble CPAP circuits for respiratory support of children in low-resource settings.

Improving peace and well-being among Syrian refugee youth through a higher education initiative in Jordan.

Forced migration affects overall health, especially when it happens at a young age. Focus group discussions and the Peace Evaluation Across Cultures and Environments (PEACE) survey were used to compare the effects of the programme on two groups: refugee university students who received full tuition support and a monthly living stipend (intervention group) and unsponsored Syrian students who were preparing for the end of high school examination (control group). The overall mean PEACE score among the intervention group was 152.

Health needs and priorities of Syrian refugees in camps and urban settings in Jordan: perspectives of refugees and health care providers.

Background: The United Nations has declared the Syrian refugee crisis to be the biggest humanitarian emergency of our era. Neighbouring countries, such as Jordan, strain to meet the health needs of Syrian refugees in addition to their own citizens given limited resources.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the perspectives of Syrian refugees in Jordan, Jordanian health care providers and other stakeholders in addressing the public health issues of the refugee crisis.