Targeted Drug Delivery for Breast Cancer using Functionalized Liposomes: Preparation Methods, Challenges, and Clinical Translation.

Breast cancer continues to be a major cause to cancer-related deaths globally, highlighting the urgent need for more targeted and efficient treatment approaches. This review focuses on targeted drug delivery systems using functionalized liposomes, which have emerged as promising nanocarriers due to their ability to improve drug solubility, stability, and site-specific delivery. They alter a drug's pharmacokinetics and biodistribution to improve pharmacological efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity.

A Retrospective Audit of the Management of Shoulder Dislocations at a Trauma Unit.

Introduction: Shoulder dislocation is the most common major joint dislocation encountered in our emergency department, with anterior dislocation accounting for the vast majority. This retrospective audit evaluates adherence to the health board guidelines for managing traumatic shoulder instability at Grange University Hospital.

Methods: Data from 100 patients presenting with native shoulder dislocations between January 2021 and February 2024 were analyzed.

Prosthetic Hip Dislocations After Total Hip Replacement: A Retrospective Study.

Introduction Total hip replacement (THR) dislocation occurs when the prosthetic joint components completely separate, indicating a failure in the intended mechanics of the hip joint established by the prosthesis. This complication poses significant challenges for patients and surgeons and financially burdens healthcare systems. Methods This retrospective observational study evaluated cases of prosthetic hip dislocation within our health board that required manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) from January 1, 2021, to March 5, 2024.

Isolated Medial Malleolar Fractures: Current Concepts in Management.

Isolated medial malleolar fractures (IMMFs) are uncommon and often occur with other ankle injuries, complicating their treatment and management. This review aims to compare the complication rates and functional outcomes of surgical versus conservative treatment for IMMFs in skeletally mature patients. The literature suggests that for IMMFs with less than 2 mm of displacement, conservative treatment provides functional outcomes similar to surgical interventions, with minimal complications.

A Comprehensive Review of Recent Trends in Posterior Malleolus Fracture Management.

Posterior malleolus fractures (PMFs) are challenging injuries around the ankle that can lead to poor clinical outcomes as they can compromise ankle stability. Although there has been an evolution in the principles of management of PMFs, their optimal treatment remains controversial. This review article aims to provide an in-depth account of the management of PMF, thereby providing a better understanding of these complex cases hence resulting in improving patient outcomes.