Defensive tolerance drives the reprogramming and dysfunction of infiltrating pathogenic B cells assuring the maintenance of tolerance.

We previously showed that infiltrating cytotoxic immune cells are reprogrammed to regulatory-like/exhausted cells within accepted kidney allografts through a 'defensive tolerance' mechanism. We observed a regulatory B cell (Breg) signature within the accepted kidney. Here we show that despite a Breg phenotype, neither B cell depletion nor the use of μMT recipients which lack B cells, resulted in kidney allograft rejection.

Outcomes following repair of truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch.

Objective: To describe the long-term outcomes and burden of reintervention in patients undergoing neonatal repair of truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch, a rare lesion associated with a high risk of mortality.

Methods: Single-center retrospective cohort study of 33 patients with truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch who underwent repair between 1987 and 2023. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Lesion-remote astrocytes govern microglia-mediated white matter repair.

Spared regions of the damaged central nervous system undergo dynamic remodeling and exhibit a remarkable potential for therapeutic exploitation. Here, lesion-remote astrocytes (LRAs), which interact with viable neurons, glia and neural circuitry, undergo reactive transformations whose molecular and functional properties are poorly understood. Using multiple transcriptional profiling methods, we interrogated LRAs from spared regions of mouse spinal cord following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI).