Morphological, biochemical, and histological alterations in juvenile giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of 2,4-D dimethylammonium.

The widespread use of herbicides, such as 2,4-D dimethylammonium, poses significant risks to aquatic ecosystems. This study assessed the toxicological effects of 2,4-D dimethylammonium on juvenile giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) by assessing mortality, total hemocyte count (THC), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression, and tissue integrity using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and histological analysis. Prawns were exposed to 0, 250, 300, 350, 400, and 450 μL/L of 2,4-D dimethylammonium for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and both LC values and sub-lethal effects were examined.