Preliminary Analysis of Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction and Fouling Resistance of Surfaces Inspired by the Mollusk Shell, .

Many species of plants and animals show an ability to resist fouling with surface topographies tailored to their environments. The mollusk species has demonstrated the ability to resist the accumulation of fouling on its outer surface. Understanding the functional mechanism employed by nature represents a significant opportunity for the persistent challenges of many industrial and consumer applications.

Drag Reduction by Fish-Scale Inspired Transverse Asymmetric Triangular Riblets: Modelling, Preliminary Experimental Analysis and Potential for Fouling Control.

The natural surfaces of many plants and animals provide examples of textures and structures that remain clean despite the presence of environmental fouling contaminants. A biomimetic approach to deciphering the mechanisms used by nature will facilitate the development and application of fouling-resistant surfaces to a range of engineering challenges. This study investigated the mechanism underlying the drag reduction phenomenon that was shown to be responsible for fouling resistance for underwater surfaces.

Preliminary Assessment of Asymmetric Triangular Riblet Microstructures for Drag Deduction and Fouling Resistance: Numerical Modeling, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation.

Several species of plants and animals demonstrate an ability to resist the accumulation of contaminants natural to their environments. To explain this phenomenon, mechanisms that facilitate fouling resistance have to be deciphered. Along these lines, this study is focused on the correlation between drag reduction and fouling resistance for underwater surfaces.

Prospective Study Investigating the Prevalence and Evolution of Malnourishment in the Acute Orthopaedic Trauma Patient.

Background: Orthopaedic trauma surgeons believe that nutritional status is important. The primary aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the prevalence and progression of malnourishment in orthopaedic trauma patients and determine when and what labs should be ordered. The secondary aim was to determine if malnourished patients had increased complications.

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover.

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors.

Infliximab is associated with attenuated immunogenicity to BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with IBD.

Objective: Delayed second dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination trades maximal effectiveness for a lower level of immunity across more of the population. We investigated whether patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with infliximab have attenuated serological responses to a single dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Design: Antibody responses and seroconversion rates in infliximab-treated patients (n=865) were compared with a cohort treated with vedolizumab (n=428), a gut-selective anti-integrin α4β7 monoclonal antibody.

Genetic evidence that higher central adiposity causes gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is associated with multiple risk factors but determining causality is difficult. We used a genetic approach [Mendelian randomization (MR)] to identify potential causal modifiable risk factors for GORD.

Methods: We used data from 451 097 European participants in the UK Biobank and defined GORD using hospital-defined ICD10 and OPCS4 codes and self-report data (N = 41 024 GORD cases).

Clinical Features and Genetic Risk of Demyelination Following Anti-TNF Treatment.

Background: Anti-TNF exposure has been linked to demyelination events. We sought to describe the clinical features of demyelination events following anti-TNF treatment and to test whether affected patients were genetically predisposed to multiple sclerosis [MS].

Methods: We conducted a case-control study to describe the clinical features of demyelination events following anti-TNF exposure.

Genome-Wide Association Study of Microscopic Colitis in the UK Biobank Confirms Immune-Related Pathogenesis.

Background And Aims: The causes of microscopic colitis are currently poorly understood. Previous reports have found clinical associations with coeliac disease and genetic associations at the human leukocyte antigen [HLA] locus on the ancestral 8.1 haplotype.

Predictors of anti-TNF treatment failure in anti-TNF-naive patients with active luminal Crohn's disease: a prospective, multicentre, cohort study.

Background: Anti-TNF drugs are effective treatments for the management of Crohn's disease but treatment failure is common. We aimed to identify clinical and pharmacokinetic factors that predict primary non-response at week 14 after starting treatment, non-remission at week 54, and adverse events leading to drug withdrawal.

Methods: The personalised anti-TNF therapy in Crohn's disease study (PANTS) is a prospective observational UK-wide study.

Risk Factors for Conversion to Total Hip Arthroplasty After Acetabular Fractures Involving the Posterior Wall.

Objectives: Identify risk factors for early conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA) in an effort to aid in counseling patients and selecting the optimal treatment for patients who sustain a fracture involving the posterior wall of the acetabulum.

Design: Retrospective cohort analysis.

Setting: Level I trauma center.

Humeral shaft fractures: results of operative and non-operative treatment.

Purpose: There has been little direct comparison between non-operative and operative management of humeral shaft fractures. The present study aimed to compare union rates and complication rates between these two modalities of treatment.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed at a regional level 1 trauma centre.

Near shore groundwater acidification during and after a hydrological drought in the Lower Lakes, South Australia.

An extreme hydrological drought in the Lower Lakes of the Murray-Darling Basin (Ramsar listed site) resulted in exposure of large areas of lake bed (25% of pre-drought lake area), containing the reduced iron (Fe) sulfide mineral pyrite. The pyrite oxidised and the resulting acidification (pH<4) posed risks of acid and metals entering shallow groundwater and potentially discharging to the remaining lake water body. Piezometer transects were installed at four locations and monitoring of the groundwater levels and quality was undertaken for six years from 2009 (drought) to 2014 (4years post-reinundation).

The capacity of biochar made from common reeds to neutralise pH and remove dissolved metals in acid drainage.

We tested the capacity of biochar (made at 450 °C from a common reed species) to neutralise pH and remove metals in two acid drainage waters (pH 2.6 and 4.6) using column leaching and batch mixing experiments.

Neurologic Injury in Operatively Treated Acetabular Fractures.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate a series of operatively treated acetabular fractures with neurologic injury and to track sensory and motor recovery.

Methods: Operatively treated acetabular fractures with neurologic injury from 8 trauma centers were reviewed. Patients were followed for at least 6 months or to neurologic recovery.

Determining Stability in Posterior Wall Acetabular Fractures.

Objectives: To determine if the radiographic parameters of femoral head coverage by the intact posterior wall, acetabular version, and location of the fracture or a history of dislocation were determinates of hip stability in patients with posterior wall acetabular fractures.

Design: Retrospective review.

Setting: Level I trauma hospital.

Manipulating crystal growth and polymorphism by confinement in nanoscale crystallization chambers.

The phase behaviors of crystalline solids embedded within nanoporous matrices have been studied for decades. Classic nucleation theory conjectures that phase stability is determined by the balance between an unfavorable surface free energy and a stabilizing volume free energy. The size constraint imposed by nanometer-scale pores during crystallization results in large ratios of surface area to volume, which are reflected in crystal properties.

Manipulating crystal orientation in nanoscale cylindrical pores by stereochemical inhibition.

Glycine nanocrystals, grown in aligned nanometer-scale cylindrical pores of nanoporous polystyrene-poly(dimethyl acrylamide) monoliths by evaporation of imbibed aqueous solutions, adopt preferred orientations with their fast-growth axes aligned parallel with the pore direction. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the exclusive formation of the metastable beta-polymorph, with crystal size comparable with the 22 nm pore diameter, in contrast to the formation of alpha-glycine in the absence of nanoscale confinement. When grown from aqueous solutions alone, the nanocrystals were oriented with their [010] and [010] axes, the native fast growth directions of the (+) and (-) enantiomorphs of beta-glycine, respectively, aligned parallel with the pore direction.

Simulation and interpretation of 2D diffraction patterns from self-assembled nanostructured films at arbitrary angles of incidence: from grazing incidence (above the critical angle) to transmission perpendicular to the substrate.

A method to calculate the location of all Bragg diffraction peaks from nanostructured thin films for arbitrary angles of incidence from just above the critical angle to transmission perpendicular to the film is reported. At grazing angles, the positions are calculated using the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA), whereas for larger angles where the diffracted beams are transmitted though the substrate, the Born approximation (BA) is used. This method has been incorporated into simulation code (called NANOCELL) and may be used to overlay simulated spot patterns directly onto two-dimensional (2D) grazing angle of incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) patterns and 2D SAXS patterns.