How may grant applications change in future because of artificial intelligence? An international and historical perspective.

Grant application processes fulfil a vital role by determining the allocation of resources to facilitate medical research. Existing grant application processes run by large governmental institutions have changed over time. Through examination of previous changes to grant application processes and the current challenges facing grant applicants and reviewers, including the increasing role of artificial intelligence, insights may be obtained into future modifications in grant application structures that require consideration.

Use of Tobacco and Cannabis Following State-Level Cannabis Legalization.

Importance: Cannabis use has been shown to modestly increase shortly after legalization of recreational use, but little is known about longer-term changes in cannabis and tobacco use.

Objective: To assess the association of cannabis legalization and commercialization with the use of cannabis, cigarettes, and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in the 5 years after legalization in the US.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, a nationally representative longitudinal cohort study of adults 18 years or older in the US, was used for a retrospective, difference-in-differences analysis of panel data from January 2013 to December 2022.

Use of Large Language Models for Rapid Quantitative Feedback in Case-Based Learning: A Pilot Study.

Unlabelled: Large language models (LLMs) may be able to deliver interactive case-based content and score student interactions with such cases. In this study, GPT-4o demonstrated a high correlation with expert scorers in the evaluation of medical students' interactions with cases. A difference between LLM scores and expert scorers was corrected through calibration.

Exposure to drug-related online content and drug use among racial/ethnic minority youth in the United States.

Studies of high-risk digital media use often treat youth in the United States as a monolith. Here, we present results from an online survey study of 489 U.S.

Disparities in Access to Serious Mental Illness Care Following the Implementation of Value-Based Payment Reform in the Oregon Medicaid Program.

Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care access are especially consequential for the health outcomes of Medicaid beneficiaries living with serious mental illness (SMI). This descriptive study of Oregon Medicaid claims data assessed for disparities in access to SMI care for Oregon's adult Medicaid beneficiaries from 2010 to 2019, examining changes following the implementation of value-based payment (VBP) in 2012. Multivariable regression analyses compared changes in access to SMI care, pre- and post-VBP implementation, by race and ethnicity.

Medical Students' Insight into Foundation Training (MEDSIFT): a National Cross-Sectional Online Survey reveals close to 50% are considering a career outside the NHS.

Introduction: The new preference-informed allocation (PIA) system introduced for the 2024 UK cohort Foundation Programme (UKFPO) marks a shift away from the traditional meritocratic 'ranking' used in previous years. Instead of appointment to Foundation Programme places, PIA is a computer-generated allocation and deanery preferencing system. This change has raised numerous concerns among both students and clinicians.

Identifying emergency department patients at high risk for opioid overdose using natural language processing and machine learning.

Introduction: Emergency departments (ED) are potential sites for identifying and treating individuals at high risk for opioid overdose. This study used machine learning (ML)-based models to predict opioid overdose death in the 12 months after an ED visit.

Methods: The study merged electronic health records (EHR), including clinical notes, of adult patients admitted to an urban safety net ED from 2011 to 2018 with opioid overdose-related mortality tables from 2012 to 2019.

Large language model-supported interactive case-based learning: a pilot study.

Large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as a means to augment case-based learning but are prone to generating factually incorrect content. In this study, an LLM-based tool was developed, and its performance evaluated. In response to student-generated questions, the LLM adhered to the provided screenplay in 832/857 (97.

Impacts of irrigation expansion on moist-heat stress based on IRRMIP results.

Irrigation rapidly expanded during the 20 century, affecting climate via water, energy, and biogeochemical changes. Previous assessments of these effects predominantly relied on a single Earth System Model, and therefore suffered from structural model uncertainties. Here we quantify the impacts of historical irrigation expansion on climate by analysing simulation results from six Earth system models participating in the Irrigation Model Intercomparison Project (IRRMIP).

Mindfulness Training vs Recovery Support for Opioid Use, Craving, and Anxiety During Buprenorphine Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: During buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), risk factors for opioid relapse or treatment dropout include comorbid substance use disorder, anxiety, or residual opioid craving. There is a need for a well-powered trial to evaluate virtually delivered groups, including both mindfulness and evidence-based approaches, to address these comorbidities during buprenorphine treatment.

Objective: To compare the effects of the Mindful Recovery Opioid Use Disorder Care Continuum (M-ROCC) vs active control among adults receiving buprenorphine for OUD.

Neurodevelopmental disorders in children with cleft lip and palate: a systematic review.

Individuals with orofacial clefts (OFCs) may be at an increased risk of developing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This systematic review provides a summary of the most recent data regarding the prevalence of ASD and ADHD in the OFC population and compares this to the general paediatric population. Multiple databases were searched including PubMed/Medline and Embase in July 2024, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024565219).

Conceptual Framework for African American Kinship Caregiver's Susceptibility to Alzheimer's Disease.

Kinship caregivers (e.g., grandparents raising grandchildren) have been increasing over the last several decades.

Corrigendum: Associations between vaping and daily cigarette consumption among individuals with psychological distress.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18332/tpc/189769.].

Change starts with the body: Interoceptive appreciation mediates the effect of mindfulness training on behavior change - an effect moderated by depression severity.

Mindfulness catalyzes health behavior change. Yet, interoception is dysregulated in depression, potentially impairing behavioral activation. We examined the mediating role of interoceptive appreciation, as measured by how much one trusts and listens to internal bodily signals, on behavior change.