Degradation mechanism of difructose dianhydride III in Blautia species.

Di-fructofuranose 1,2':2,3' dianhydride (DFA-III) is a cyclic fructo-disaccharide, which is produced by the condensation of two fructose molecules via the caramelization or enzymatic reaction of inulin fructotransferase. A strain of Blautia producta was known to utilize DFA-III as a carbohydrate source; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we characterized the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 91 DFA-III hydrolase (DFA-IIIase) from B.

Human gut-associated species salvage exogenous indole, a uremic toxin precursor, to synthesize indole-3-lactic acid via tryptophan.

Indole in the gut is formed from dietary tryptophan by a bacterial tryptophan-indole lyase. Indole not only triggers biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in gut microbes but also contributes to the progression of kidney dysfunction after absorption by the intestine and sulfation in the liver. As tryptophan is an essential amino acid for humans, these events seem inevitable.

Assimilation of arabinogalactan side chains with novel 3--β-L-arabinopyranosyl-α-L-arabinofuranosidase in .

Dietary plant fibers affect gut microbiota composition; however, the underlying microbial degradation pathways are not fully understood. We previously discovered 3--α-D-galactosyl-α-L-arabinofuranosidase (GAfase), a glycoside hydrolase family 39 enzyme involved in the assimilation of side chains of arabinogalactan protein (AGP), from subsp. () JCM7052.

Impact of in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm: a cross-sectional study.

The relationships between various diseases and the human gut microbiota (GM) have been revealed. However, the relationships between the human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and GM remains unknown. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to clarify the association between the human AAA and GM.

Synbiotics of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 and lactulose enhances production of tryptophan metabolites in fermented human fecal communities.

Probiotics and prebiotics have beneficial effects on host physiology via metabolites from the gut microbiota in addition to their own. Here, we used a pH-controlled single-batch fermenter as a human gut microbiota model. We conducted fecal fermentation with Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 (probiotic), lactulose (prebiotic), or a combination of both (synbiotic) to evaluate their influence on the gut environment.

2'-Fucosyllactose Increases the Abundance of in the Presence of Extracellular Fucosidase-Possessing Bacteria.

is a genus of anaerobic bacteria that is widely distributed in the mammalian gut. Recently, an increasing body of research has demonstrated a link between this genus and human health, suggesting applications as a novel probiotic strain. Moreover, we have previously shown that 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a major component of human milk oligosaccharides, increases the relative abundance of sp.

Production of Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 3 (HCA) Ligands by .

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 (HCA) was recently identified in the genomes of humans and other hominids but not in other mammals. We examined the production of HCA ligands by spp. In addition to 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, phenyllactic acid (PLA), and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), we found that LeuA was produced by as an HCA ligand.

Colonization of Supplemented M-16V in Low Birth Weight Infants and Its Effects on Their Gut Microbiota Weeks Post-administration.

The colonization and persistence of probiotics introduced into the adult human gut appears to be limited. It is uncertain, however, whether probiotics can successfully colonize the intestinal tracts of full-term and premature infants. In this study, we investigated the colonization and the effect of oral supplementation with M-16V on the gut microbiota of low birth weight (LBW) infants.

Novel 3--α-d-Galactosyl-α-l-Arabinofuranosidase for the Assimilation of Gum Arabic Arabinogalactan Protein in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. .

Gum arabic arabinogalactan (AG) protein (AGP) is a unique dietary fiber that is degraded and assimilated by only specific strains of subsp. Here, we identified a novel 3--α-d-galactosyl-α-l-arabinofuranosidase (GAfase) from JCM7052 and classified it into glycoside hydrolase family 39 (GH39). GAfase released α-d-Gal-(1→3)-l-Ara and β-l-Ara-(1→3)-l-Ara from gum arabic AGP and β-l-Ara-(1→3)-l-Ara from larch AGP, and the α-d-Gal-(1→3)-l-Ara release activity was found to be 594-fold higher than that of β-l-Ara-(1→3)-l-Ara.

Structure of a Core Promoter in Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705.

Bacterial promoters consist of core sequence motifs termed -35 and -10 boxes. The consensus motifs are TTGACA and TATAAT, respectively, which were identified from leading investigations on However, the consensus sequences are not likely to fit genetically divergent bacteria. The sigma factor of the genus has a characteristic polar domain in the N terminus, suggesting the possibility of specific promoter recognition.

Relationship between oral and gut microbiota in elderly people.

Aim: Recent studies have suggested that oral bacteria induce systemic inflammation through the alteration of gut microbiota. We examined the relationship between oral and gut microbiota to evaluate the transition of oral bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract.

Methods: Oral samples from subgingival plaque and tongue-coating and fecal samples were collected from 29 elderly subjects (age, 80.

Genomic diversity and distribution of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum across the human lifespan.

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum represents one of the most prevalent bifidobacterial species in the infant, adult and elderly (human) gut. In the current study, we performed a comparative genome analysis involving 145 B.

Fecal microbiome in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal lymphoma.

Although alteration of commensal microbiota is associated with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs, the microbiota composition in intestinal lymphoma, an important differential diagnosis of canine IBD, has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to compare the fecal microbiota in dogs with IBD, dogs with intestinal lymphoma, and healthy dogs. Eight dogs with IBD, eight dogs with intestinal lymphoma, and fifteen healthy dogs were included in the study.

Fecal dysbiosis in miniature dachshunds with inflammatory colorectal polyps.

Chronic gastrointestinal disease is associated with the alteration of gastrointestinal microbiota. Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) are commonly observed in miniature dachshunds (MDs) in Japan and are characterized by multiple polyps that are restricted in the colorectal mucosa with severe neutrophil infiltration. This study was aimed to compare the fecal microbiota of ICRP-affected MDs with that of healthy MDs.

Comparative Genomics Revealed Genetic Diversity and Species/Strain-Level Differences in Carbohydrate Metabolism of Three Probiotic Bifidobacterial Species.

Strains of Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium animalis are widely used as probiotics in the food industry. Although numerous studies have revealed the properties and functionality of these strains, it is uncertain whether these characteristics are species common or strain specific. To address this issue, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of 49 strains belonging to these three bifidobacterial species to describe their genetic diversity and to evaluate species-level differences.

Effect of oral administration of metronidazole or prednisolone on fecal microbiota in dogs.

Gastrointestinal microbiota have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal disorders in dogs, including acute diarrhea and chronic enteropathy. Metronidazole and prednisolone are commonly prescribed for the treatment of these diseases; however, their effects on gastrointestinal microbiota have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of these drugs on the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs.

Orally administered lactoperoxidase ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by up-regulating colonic interleukin-10 and maintaining peripheral regulatory T cells.

We previously demonstrated orally administered bovine lactoperoxidase (LPO) ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Here, we examine the mechanism of action of LPO. Three days after colitis induction, expression of interferon-gamma mRNA in colonic tissue was significantly decreased in mice administered LPO; while mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and regulatory T cell (Treg) marker, Foxp3, were significantly increased.

Rice open beak is a negative regulator of class 1 knox genes and a positive regulator of class B floral homeotic gene.

Numerous genes are involved in the regulation of plant development, including those that regulate floral homeotic genes, We identified two recessive allelic rice mutants, open beak-1 (opb-1) and opb-2, which exhibited pleiotropic defects in leaf morphogenesis, inflorescence architecture, and floral organ identity. Abnormal cell proliferation was observed in the leaves and spikelets, and ectopic or overexpression of several class 1 knox genes was detected; thus, the abnormal cell proliferation in opb mutants is probably caused by ectopic class 1 knox gene expression. The opb mutants also had defects in floral organ identity, resulting in the development of mosaic organs, including gluminous lodicules, staminoid lodicules, and pistiloid stamens.

Effects of orally administered bovine lactoperoxidase on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice.

The effect of lactoperoxidase (LPO) on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis was examined in mice. After 9 d of colitis induction, weight loss, colon shortening, and the histological score were significantly suppressed in mice orally administered LPO (62.5 mg/body/d) as compared to a group administered bovine serum albumin.

In vitro and in vivo effects of a composition containing lactoperoxidase on oral bacteria and breath odor.

The antimicrobial activity of a composition containing bovine lactoperoxidase (LPO), glucose oxidase, glucose and buffer salts was tested against oral bacteria in vitro. A preliminary in vivo study was conducted to test the effect on breath odor of the tablets containing this composition. Suspension of the composition in filter-sterilized saliva or phosphate-buffered saline containing sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) at a physiological concentration showed bactericidal activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis.

superwoman1-cleistogamy, a hopeful allele for gene containment in GM rice.

Cleistogamy is an efficient strategy for preventing gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops. We identified a cleistogamous mutant of rice harbouring a missense mutation (the 45th residue isoleucine to threonine; I45T) in the class-B MADS-box gene SUPERWOMAN1 (SPW1), which specifies the identities of lodicules (equivalent to petals) and stamens. In the mutant, spw1-cls, the stamens are normal, but the lodicules are transformed homeotically to lodicule-glume mosaic organs, thereby engendering cleistogamy.