Unveiling the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Antidepressants: A Systematic Review of Human Studies over the Last Decade.

: Depression ranks among the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, marked by a variety of symptoms that frequently cause significant emotional distress and impairment in individuals, alongside a high recurrence rate. The predominant approach to treating depression revolves around monoamine theory, utilizing SSRIs and SNRIs, with Esketamine emerging as a supplementary option in recent times. Nevertheless, there is a growing focus on exploring the relationship between inflammation and depression, revealing a strong correlation between the two.

Modulation of ER Stress and Inflammation by S-Ketamine, R-Ketamine, and Their Metabolites in Human Microglial Cells: Insights into Novel Targets for Depression Therapy.

Despite affecting millions worldwide, major depressive disorder (MDD) remains a therapeutic challenge, with approximately one-third of patients failing to respond to standard treatments. The need for innovative, molecularly driven therapies has turned attention to ketamine and its enantiomers. While S-ketamine is clinically approved for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), it has various psychoactive side effects and potential for abuse.

Relationship Between the Occurrence of Depression and (rs6877842, rs10719) and (rs11077) Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Polish Population: A Case-Control Study.

Although the epidemiology and symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) have been well-documented, the etiology and pathophysiology of the disease have not yet been fully explained. Depression arises from intricate interplay among social, psychological, and biological factors. Recently, there has been growing focus on the involvement of miRNAs in depression, with suggestions that abnormal miRNA processing locally at the synapse contributes to MDD.

Polymorphism rs662 (Q192R) of paraoxonase-1 and susceptibility to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.

Introduction: The present study concerns a connection of the Q192RPON1 polymorphism with atherosclerosis requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the Polish population.

Methods: A total of 282 individuals who underwent coronary angiography took part in this study. The polymorphism was determined with the PCR-RFLP method.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Differently Modulates the Release of IL-6 and IL-8 Cytokines in Human Glial Cells.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a significant player in the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite the established link between ER stress and inflammatory pathways, there remains a need for deeper exploration of the specific cellular mechanisms underlying ER stress-mediated neuroinflammation. This study aimed to investigate how the severity of ER stress (triggered by different concentrations of tunicamycin) can impact the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 from astrocytes and microglia, comparing the effects with those induced by well-known immunostimulants-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

PPARγ, NF-κB and the UPR pathway as new molecular targets in the anti-inflammatory actions of NSAIDs: Novel applications in cancers and central nervous system diseases?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, or celecoxib have a well-established and unquestionable role in the human therapeutic arsenal, but still new perspectives are being discovered. This review presents new anti-inflammatory mechanisms of NSAIDs action, other than the classical one, i.e.

Ketamine - A New Antidepressant Drug with Anti-Inflammatory Properties.

Ketamine is a new, potent and rapid-acting antidepressant approved for therapy of treatment-resistant depression, which has a different mechanism of action than currently-available antidepressant therapies. It owes its uniquely potent antidepressant properties to a complex mechanism of action, which currently remains unclear. However, it is thought that it acts by modulating the functioning of the glutamatergic system, which plays an important role in the process of neuroplasticity associated with depression.

Antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine's action: NF-κB in the spotlight.

Ketamine recently approved for therapy of treatment-resistant depression shows a complex and not fully understood mechanism of action. Apart from its classical glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonistic action, it is thought that anti-inflammatory properties of the drug are of clinical relevance due to the contribution of activated inflammatory mediators to the pathophysiology of depression and non-responsiveness of a group of patients to current antidepressant therapies. In a search of the mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine, the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor (NF-κB) has been proposed as a target for ketamine.

The Effect of Diosmin, Escin, and Bromelain on Human Endothelial Cells Derived from the Umbilical Vein and the Varicose Vein-A Preliminary Study.

In this study, we investigated the properties of human varicose vein (VV) endothelial cells (HVVEC) in comparison to the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The cells were treated with three bioactive compounds with proven beneficial effects in the therapy of patients with VV, diosmin, escin, and bromelain. Two concentrations of tested drugs were used (1, 10 mg/mL), which did not affect the viability of either cell type.

Diosmin and Bromelain Stimulate Glutathione and Total Thiols Production in Red Blood Cells.

Diosmin and bromelain are bioactive compounds of plant origin with proven beneficial effects on the human cardiovascular system. We found that diosmin and bromelain slightly reduced total carbonyls levels and had no effect on TBARS levels, as well as slightly increased the total non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in the RBCs at concentrations of 30 and 60 µg/mL. Diosmin and bromelain induced a significant increase in total thiols and glutathione in the RBCs.

Dual Targeting Ligands-Histamine H Receptor Ligands with Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitory Activity-In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.

The clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) appear when dopamine (DA) concentrations in the striatum drops to around 20%. Simultaneous inhibitory effects on histamine H3 receptor (H3R) and MAO B can increase DA levels in the brain. A series of compounds was designed and tested in vitro for human H3R (hH3R) affinity and inhibitory activity to human MAO B (hMAO B).

Diclofenac Diminished the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) Induced by Tunicamycin in Human Endothelial Cells.

Diclofenac belongs to the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are amongst the most frequently prescribed drugs to treat fever, pain and inflammation. Despite the presence of NSAIDs on the pharmaceutical market for several decades, epidemiological studies have shown new clinical applications of NSAIDs, and new mechanisms of their action were discovered. The unfolded protein response (UPR) activated under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in the pathophysiology of many diseases and may become a drug target, therefore, the study evaluated the effects of diclofenac on the tunicamycin-induced UPR pathways in endothelial cells.

The Importance of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Novel Antidepressant Drug Target and Its Potential Impact on CNS Disorders.

Many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including major depressive disorder (MDD), are underpinned by the unfolded protein response (UPR) activated under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. New, more efficient, therapeutic options for MDD are needed to avoid adverse effects and drug resistance. Therefore, the aim of the work was to determine whether UPR signalling pathway activation in astrocytes may serve as a novel target for antidepressant drugs.

Decrease in Salivary Serotonin in Response to Probiotic Supplementation With in Healthy Volunteers Under Psychological Stress: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background: Bacterial probiotics are thought to exert a serotonergic effect relevant to their potential antidepressant and pro-cognitive action, but yeast probiotics have not been tested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether 30-day supplementation with affects the level of salivary serotonin under psychological stress and identify the factors associated with it.

Methods: Healthy medical students were randomized to ingest CNCM I-1079 or placebo before a stressful event.

Hybrid Drugs-A Strategy for Overcoming Anticancer Drug Resistance?

Despite enormous progress in the treatment of many malignancies, the development of cancer resistance is still an important reason for cancer chemotherapy failure. Increasing knowledge of cancers' molecular complexity and mechanisms of their resistance to anticancer drugs, as well as extensive clinical experience, indicate that an effective fight against cancer requires a multidimensional approach. Multi-target chemotherapy may be achieved using drugs combination, co-delivery of medicines, or designing hybrid drugs.

Effect of Supplementation with on Academic Examination Performance and Related Stress in Healthy Medical Students: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

In recent years, bacterial probiotic dietary supplementation has emerged as a promising way to improve cognition and to alleviate stress and anxiety; however, yeast probiotics have not been tested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether 30-day supplementation with enhances academic performance under stress and affects stress markers. The trial was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.

Abies Concolor Seeds and Cones as New Source of Essential Oils-Composition and Biological Activity.

The chemical composition, including the enantiomeric excess of the main terpenes, of essential oils from seeds and cones of was studied by chromatographic (GC) and spectroscopic methods (mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance), leading to the determination of 98 compounds. Essential oils were mainly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons. The dominant volatiles of seed essential oil were: limonene (47 g/100 g, almost pure levorotary form) and α-pinene (40 g/100 g), while α-pinene (58 g/100 g), sabinene (11 g/100 g), and β-pinene (4.

Composition and Biological Activity of Picea pungens and Picea orientalis Seed and Cone Essential Oils.

The increasing consumption of natural products lead us to discover and study new plant materials, such as conifer seeds and cones, which could be easily available from the forest industry as a waste material, for their potential uses. The chemical composition of the essential oils of Picea pungens and Picea orientalis was fully characterized by GC and GC/MS methods. Seed and cone oils of both tree species were composed mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons, among which limonene, α- and β-pinene were the major, but in different proportions in the examined conifer essential oils.

Possibilities of applying Ti (C, N) coatings on prosthetic elements - research with the use of human endothelial cells.

Purpose: The aim of our study was to examine the effect of prosthetic alloys with Ti (C, N) coatings on viability and pro life ration of human cells employing an MTT assay with the use of human microvascular endothelial cells derived from the skin - HMEC-1 (Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells-1).

Methods: Cylindrical shape samples made of Ni-Cralloy were divided into S1-S5 groups and coated with Ti (C, N) layers with different content of C and N. S0 group - control group without layer.

Board game versus lecture-based seminar in the teaching of pharmacology of antimicrobial drugs--a randomized controlled trial.

The effectiveness of an educational board game developed to teach the pharmacology of antimicrobial drugs to medical students was compared with the lecture-based seminar as a supplemental tool to improve short- and long-term knowledge retention and the perception of the learning method by students. A group of 124 students was randomized to board game and control groups. Short-term knowledge retention was assessed by comparing differences in post- and pre-tests scores, and long-term knowledge retention by comparing final examination scores.

PUFAs: Structures, Metabolism and Functions.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) include two series of fatty acids: omega-6 and omega-3 series. PUFAs have amphiphatic properties: hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Such structure and other properties of unsaturated fatty acids are responsible for exerting the following biological action: maintaining cell-membrane fluidity, inhib- iting inflammatory processes, decreasing secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes/macrophages, decreasing susceptibility to ventricular rhythm disorders of the heart, improving functions of vascular endothe- lial cells, inhibiting blood platelet aggregation and decreasing triglyceride synthesis in the liver.

THE EFFECT OF IBUPROFEN ON bFGF, VEGF SECRETION AND CELL PROLIFERATION IN THE PRESENCE OF LPS IN HMEC-1 CELLS.

Ibuprofen belongs to the group of non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, also known as traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide, an inflammatory mimicking agent, is responsible for the production of prostaglandins and growth factors (VEGF and bFGF), and as inflammation and angiogenesis are closely associated with osteoarthritis, these factors play a functional role in the cardiovascular system. Therefore, the main aim of our study was to examine the effect of ibuprofen on cell viability and proliferation of HMEC-1 cells and VEGF and bFGF secretion under the inflammatory conditions.

The effect of hypoxia on PGE2-stimulated cAMP generation in HMEC-1.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is generated in various cells, including endothelial cells, and is responsible for various functions, such as vascular relaxation and angiogenesis. Effects of PGE2 are mediated via receptors EP1-EP4, among which EP2 and EP4 are coupled to Gs protein which activates adenylate cyclase (AC) and cAMP synthesis. The aim of this work was to study the ability of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) to synthesize cAMP in the presence of PGE2, and to determine the effect of hypoxia on the PGE2- stimulated cAMP level.