Developments in Deep Brain Stimulators for Successful Aging Towards Smart Devices-An Overview.

This work provides an overview of the present state-of-the-art in the development of deep brain Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and how such devices alleviate motor and cognitive disorders for a successful aging. This work reviews chronic diseases that are addressable via DBS, reporting also the treatment efficacies. The underlying mechanism for DBS is also reported.

The potential of at-home prediction of the formation of urolithiasis by simple multi-frequency electrical conductivity of the urine and the comparison of its performance with urine ion-related indices, color and specific gravity.

It is important to control daily diet, water intake and life style as well as monitor the quality of urine for urolithiasis prevention. For decades, many ion-related indices have been developed for predicting the formation of urinary stones or urolithiasis, such as EQUILs, relative supersaturation (RSS), Tiselius indices (TI), Robertson risk factor algorithms (RRFA) and more recently, the Bonn risk index. However, they mostly demand robust laboratory analysis, are work-intensive, and even require complex computational programs to get the concentration patterns of several urine analytes.