Then And Now: Umbrella Variables Mask Temporal Mechanisms Of Structural Racism In US Urban Environments.

Introduction: Racist urban development policies and capitalist municipal management have continued the cycle of poverty experienced by many in the US. Modeling this disadvantage often relies on composite, or "umbrella", socioeconomic variables. We argue that this approach obfuscates the temporal nature of social determinants.

Intersectionality of sex and race in COVID-19 mortality and vaccination inequities in Massachusetts.

Background: Inequities in COVID-19 incidence, morbidity, and mortality between racial and ethnic groups in the United States (U.S.) have been documented since the start of the pandemic in early 2020.