Expression of toll-like receptors and inflammatory mediators in primary human glioma cells (low- and high-grade) compared to primary cells from epileptic human brain.

Objectives: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glioma as principal regulators of inflammation and innate immune function. Considering the heterogeneous nature of gliomas, ranging from low to high grade with different therapeutic responses, investigating the differences in the levels of TLR2 and TLR4 and associated inflammatory markers in these distinct groups is of great clinical significance.

Materials And Methods: In this study, we investigated changes in the protein expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4, along with key inflammatory mediators, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) as a downstream signaling molecule, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a target of NF-κB activation, by using western blotting.

The safety and feasibility of multiple intrathecal injections of allogenic NK cells in pediatrics with refractory/recurrent brain tumors.

Background: Pediatric glioma is a rare condition that can lead to significant mortality and morbidity due to its high recurrence rate. This study is a phase I nonrandomized clinical trial that was conducted to assess the safety, feasibility, and potential efficacy of the intrathecal (IT) injection of multiple doses of allogenic NK cells in pediatric patients with refractory/recurrent gliomas.

Methods: Allogeneic NK cells were isolated from random healthy unrelated donors via positive selection of CD56 + cells.

Chondroblastoma of Thoracic Vertebrae: a Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Chondroblastoma is a rare benign cartilaginous bone tumor typically seen at the epiphysis of long axial bones. In this regard, there are rare findings about spinal chondroblastomas. We report a 29-year-old man with T1 vertebral chondroblastoma misdiagnosed with a traumatic fracture following an accident.

Signal enhancement in spark-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for discrimination of glioblastoma and oligodendroglioma lesions.

Here, the discrimination of two types of lethal brain cancers, i.e., glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and oligodendroglioma (OG) are investigated under the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and the electrical spark-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SA-LIBS) in order to discriminate the human brain glioma lesions against the infiltrated tissues.

Isolation of Cells and Exosomes from Glioblastoma Tissue to Investigate the Effects of Ascorbic Acid on the c-Myc, HIF-1α, and Lnc-SNHG16 Genes.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is incurable with routine treatments. Ascorbic acid (Asc) has antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. However, its specific anti-cancer mechanisms are only partially understood.

Intracranial angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma: report of a rare case.

One rare and low-grade soft tissue tumor with intermediate malignant potential is angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH)و which occurs mainly in children and adolescents. The tumor naturally tends to local recurrence and recurrent hemorrhage but rarely to remote metastasis. AFH has been reported in different organs; however, there are rare reports of primary intracranial AFH.

Evaluating Predictive Value of Preoperative Clinical and Imaging Findings on the Short-Term Outcome of Surgery in Patients Undergoing Lower Lumbar Discectomy.

Objective: The most common indications for spinal surgery are low back pain and associated disabilities caused by disc herniation. Given the high prevalence of low back pain, the critical nature of pain assessment in these patients, and knowledge about the influencing and predisposing factors, we sought to evaluate the clinical and radiologic findings associated with pain relief and postoperative recovery in patients who underwent bilateral lumbar discectomy.

Methods: From March 2016 to October 2020, a prospective cohort study was conducted.

Association between TBXT rs2305089 polymorphism and chordoma in Iranian patients identified by a developed T-ARMS-PCR assay.

Background: Chordoma is a locally aggressive bone tumor with a high capability of recurrence. Because chordoma often occurs at critical locations next to neurovascular structures, there is an urgent need to introduce validated biomarkers. T-box transcription factor T (TBXT; OMIM: 601397) plays an important role in the pathogenesis and survival of chordoma cells.

"Fountain Sign," a Basic Finding toward the Diagnosis of Partially Thrombosed Giant Aneurysm: Describing a Challenging Case and Literature Review.

Although the occurrence of cerebral aneurysms in pediatric age group describes as rare, giant ones are more commonly be found than in adults. Insufficient epidemiological information, their association with other medical comorbidities, diagnostic pitfalls, complex surgical anatomy, and issues should be considered during surgery to make them difficult to diagnose and manage. We report a 6-year-old boy with presenting complaint of acute-onset headache without any other symptoms and a small area of intracerebral hemorrhage detected on initial computed tomography (CT) scan.

Effect of Microscopic Third Ventriculostomy (Lamina Terminalis Fenestration) on Shunt-needed Hydrocephalus in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

There are reports that in patients with aSAH (aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage), LTF (lamina terminalis fenestration) reduces the rate of shunt-needed hydrocephalus via facilitation of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) dynamic, diminished leptomeningeal inflammation, and decreased subarachnoid fibrosis. Regarding the conflicting results, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of LTF on decreased shunt-needed hydrocephalus in patients with aSAH. A cross-sectional retrospective study was carried out to survey all patients with confirmed aSAH operated from March 2011 to September 2016 in an academic vascular center (Rasool Akram Hospital in Tehran, Iran).

Investigating Effective Factors on Estimated Hemorrhage Intraoperative in Brain Meningioma Surgery.

Introduction: The primary and definitive diagnosis of meningioma is based on histological assessment; however, employing imaging methods, like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is very helpful to describe lesion's characteristics. Accordingly, we decided to study the effect of imaging factors, like MRI data on the volume of hemorrhage (estimated blood loss) during meningioma surgery.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, and analytical study.

Trans-lateral ventricular approach for surgical treatment of a high located basilar apex aneurysm: report of a rare presentation of the disease and surgical technique.

Surgical management of basilar apex aneurysms is considered among the most technically challenging procedures and high located basilar apex makes the procedure more challenging. Pterional trans-sylvian (with or without orbitozygomatic extension) and subtemporal are the most commonly used approaches, however, it is sometimes difficult or impossible to access a high-positioned aneurysm of basilar bifurcation without excessive retraction of brain and neurovascular structures. We are reporting a 65-year-old woman presented with chronic hydrocephalus secondary to a high-located basilar apex aneurysm surgically clipped through trans-frontal trans-ventricular trans-choroidal approach.

Spinal Cord Tethering, a Very Rare Cause of Cauda Equina Syndrome after Lumbar Disk Surgery: A Case Report.

Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) may rarely remain asymptomatic until degenerative or nondegenerative lumbar diseases superimpose in adulthood and expose the hidden anomaly. In such cases, different treatment options can be selected and simultaneous detethering might be considered too. We are reporting an undiscovered TCS in a young lady who underwent lumbar diskectomy due to symptomatic disk extrusion and suffered complete cauda equina syndrome (CES), postoperatively.

A Large Solitary Hemangioblastoma of the Lateral Ventricles: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Hemangioblastoma (HB) in the supratentorial region of the brain is rare and only a few cases are reported on intraventricular HB. HB of the lateral ventricles is even rarer. We present a case of a 30-year-old man with generalized tonic clonic seizures.

Profiling of novel circulating microRNAs as a non-invasive biomarker in diagnosis and follow-up of high and low-grade gliomas.

Objective: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the progress in therapeutic strategies such as surgical techniques, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, prognosis and therapeutically convenient monitoring tools in patients with GBM has not improved significantly up to now.Therefore, exosomal miRNAs as novel non-invasive biomarkers having high sensitivity and specificity are required to improve diagnosis and to develop new targeted therapy strategies for GBM patients.

Thoracolumbar pilomyxoid astrocytoma concomitant with spinal scoliosis: A case report and literature review.

Background: Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is a variant of pilocytic astrocytomas but exhibits more aggressive behavior. Further, it is more prevalent in the hypothalamic/chiasmatic regions and is only rarely encountered in the thoracic spine.

Case Description: A 9-year-old male presented with severe spastic paraparesis (motor/sensory) attributed to a thoracic cord PMA and scoliosis.

Severe skull deformity in a child with shunted hydrocephalus.

Introduction: We report a rare case of skull deformity in a child with shunted hydrocephalus.

Case Report: A 2.5-year-old boy with a history of cerebral palsy (CP), shunted hydrocephalus and seizures was admitted to our children's hospital with status epilepticus.

Childhood Transorbital Skull Base Penetrating Injury: Report of 2 Cases and Review of Literature.

Background: A foreign object penetrating the brain via orbit is a rare occurrence. Accurate diagnosis and immediate intervention is essential to prevent ophthalmic or neurological deficits and to reduce chances of infection or hemorrhage.

Case Description: We report 2 cases of transorbital orbitocranial penetrating injury of metal objects in children.

A Small Meningioma with Extensive Peritumoral Brain Edema: A Case Report.

Meningioma is the second most common brain tumor. The extent of peritumoral brain edema (PTBE) is one of the important prognostic factors in patients with meningioma. A 55-year-old female patient suffering from a progressive severe headache and mild left hemiparesis was referred to the Department of Neurosurgery, Rasool Akram Hospital (Tehran, Iran).

Traumatic cervical posterior spondyloptosis: report of a rare case.

Traumatic spinal spondyloptosis is the extreme degree of spondylolisthesis and is not common. Traumatic cervical anterior spondyloptosis has been reported but we could not find reports of posterior traumatic cervical spondyloptosis. We present an 18-year-old female with this type of injury and cervical complete cord syndrome below C5 and explain our treatment approach.

Gliosarcoma with long progression free survival: A case report and literature review.

Background: Gliosarcoma (GS) is a primary rare malignant brain tumor that accounts 4% of all high-grade glial tumor of the brain.

Case Description: We present a 45-year-old female admitted to our center with progressive headache since 1 month ago concomitant with nausea and emesis and generalized weakness. Imaging revealed a large solid mass with well-defined margin and some cystic portions that enhanced brightly with contrast.

Genetic and epigenetic contribution to astrocytic gliomas pathogenesis.

Astrocytic gliomas are the most common and lethal form of intracranial tumors. These tumors are characterized by a significant heterogeneity in terms of cytopathological, transcriptional, and (epi)genomic features. This heterogeneity has made these cancers one of the most challenging types of cancers to study and treat.

Remote cerebellar hemorrhage: Report of two different cases.

Background: Remote cerebellar hemorrhage (RCH) is a rare complication after supratentorial craniotomies, which usually presents as linear hemorrhages on the surface of the cerebellum; the exact mechanism of it is not established yet.

Case Description: In case one, a 57-year-old patient demonstrated hemorrhage in the cerebellar sulci in favor of RCH 2 days after craniotomy for sphenoidal wing meningioma resection. He was asymptomatic and showed good prognosis after conservative treatment.

Penetrating brain injury with a metal bar and a knife: Report of two interesting cases.

Introduction Penetrating brain injury (PBI) is uncommon among the civilian population. Here, we report two interesting cases of PBI. Case presentation The first patient was a 20-year-old male who sustained a penetrating head injury with a metal bar during an accident at work.