A mucosal vaccine prevents eosinophilic allergic airway inflammation by modulating immune responses to allergens in a murine model of airway disease.

Allergic sensitization and viral infections are risk factors for asthma development and progression. Sublingual vaccination with MV130, a whole heat-inactivated polybacterial preparation, protects against viral infections, but its impact on allergic sensitization and asthma development remains unknown. Here we show MV130 prevents house dust mite (HDM)-induced local type 2 immune responses and associated eosinophilic airway inflammation, conferring protection up to 9 weeks after vaccination.

Cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 restores bronchial epithelium by regulating oxidative stress and STAT6 phosphorylation.

Background: Viral infections and type 2 immune responses perpetuate airway epithelial barrier dysfunction and inflammation, leading to the development and progression of asthma. The synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 displays anti-inflammatory properties by acting on different immune system cells.

Objective: We sought to investigate the capacity of WIN55,212-2 to restore bronchial epithelial barrier function in asthma in the context of viral infections or type 2-driven inflammation.

The Role of IgE in Crohn's Disease by Impairing the Capacity of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells to Generate FOXP3 Tregs.

Background: A causal relationship between Crohn's disease (CD) and asthma is reported, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We sought to investigate the role of IgE and IgE-mediated pathways in the pathophysiology of CD.

Methods: 20 CD patients, 10 allergic patients without inflammatory bowel disease, and 10 healthy donors (HD) were included in the study.

Trained immunity-based vaccines for infections and allergic diseases.

Trained immunity has emerged as a new concept in immunology that is associated with the memory of innate immune cells and linked to specific metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of these cells. Trained immunity may confer nonspecific and sustained protection against a broad range of pathogens, and recent findings show that it might also be involved in allergy mechanisms. Some conventional vaccines have demonstrated trained immunity induction as the mechanism underlying their heterologous protection.

Grass pollen allergoids conjugated with mannan for subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy: a dose-finding study.

Background: Polymerized allergoids conjugated with mannan represent a novel approach of allergen immunotherapy targeting dendritic cells. In this study, we aimed to determine the optimal dose of mannan-allergoid conjugates derived from grass pollen ( and ) administered via either the subcutaneous or sublingual route.

Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with a double-dummy design was conducted, involving 162 participants across 12 centers in Spain.

The Role of Regulatory T Cells in Allergic Diseases: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2024.

Background: Allergy represents a major health problem of increasing prevalence worldwide with a high socioeconomic impact. Our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying allergic diseases and their treatments has significantly improved over the last years. The generation of allergen-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) is crucial in the induction of healthy immune responses to allergens, preventing the development and worsening of allergic diseases.

Cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 reprograms monocytes and macrophages to inhibit LPS-induced inflammation.

Introduction: Chronic or uncontrolled activation of myeloid cells including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) is a hallmark of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. There is an urgent need for the development of novel drugs with the capacity to impair innate immune cell overactivation under inflammatory conditions. Compelling evidence pointed out cannabinoids as potential therapeutic tools with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capacity.

C-Type Lectin Receptor Mediated Modulation of T2 Immune Responses to Allergens.

Purpose Of Review: Allergic diseases represent a major health problem of increasing prevalence worldwide. In allergy, dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to both the pathophysiology and the induction of healthy immune responses to the allergens. Different studies have reported that some common allergens contain glycans in their structure.

V132 induces trained immunity and enhances the responses triggered by the polybacterial vaccine MV140 for genitourinary tract infections.

Introduction: Recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVCs) represent major healthcare problems all over the world. Antibiotics and antifungals are widely used for such infectious diseases, which is linked with microbial resistances and microbiota deleterious effects. The development of novel approaches for genitourinary tract infections (GUTIs) such as trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV) is therefore highly required.

Mechanisms in AIT: Insights 2021.

Background: Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is currently the only treatment with potential long-term disease-modifying effects for patients suffering from allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, venom allergy, or IgE-mediated food allergy. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying immune responses during successful AIT is of utmost importance and it may help to develop more effective and safer treatments.

Materials And Methods: PubMed literature review was performed using keywords such as allergen-specific immunotherapy; regulatory T cells; regulatory B cells; regulatory innate lymphoid cells; and allergen-specific antibody from years 2018 to 2021.

Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other eicosanoid pathway modifiers on antiviral and allergic responses: EAACI task force on eicosanoids consensus report in times of COVID-19.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other eicosanoid pathway modifiers are among the most ubiquitously used medications in the general population. Their broad anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects are applied against symptoms of respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV-2, as well as in other acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that often coexist with allergy and asthma. However, the current pandemic of COVID-19 also revealed the gaps in our understanding of their mechanism of action, selectivity, and interactions not only during viral infections and inflammation, but also in asthma exacerbations, uncontrolled allergic inflammation, and NSAIDs-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD).

Allergoid-mannan conjugates reprogram monocytes into tolerogenic dendritic cells via epigenetic and metabolic rewiring.

Background: Allergoid-mannan conjugates are novel vaccines for allergen-specific immunotherapy being currently assayed in phase 2 clinical trials. Allergoid-mannan conjugates target dendritic cells (DCs) and generate functional forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)-positive Treg cells, but their capacity to reprogram monocyte differentiation remains unknown.

Objective: We studied whether allergoid-mannan conjugates could reprogram monocyte differentiation into tolerogenic DCs and the underlying molecular mechanisms.

The Role of Cannabinoids in Allergic Diseases: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2020.

The human endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex signalling network involved in many key physiological processes. The ECS includes the cannabinoid receptors, the endocannabinoid ligands, and the enzymes related to their synthesis and degradation. Other cannabinoids encompass the phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativaL.

Current perspective on eicosanoids in asthma and allergic diseases: EAACI Task Force consensus report, part I.

Eicosanoids are biologically active lipid mediators, comprising prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and lipoxins, involved in several pathophysiological processes relevant to asthma, allergies, and allied diseases. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are the most studied eicosanoids and established inducers of airway pathophysiology including bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. Drugs inhibiting the synthesis of lipid mediators or their effects, such as leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, leukotriene receptors antagonists, and more recently prostaglandin D receptor antagonists, have been shown to modulate features of asthma and allergic diseases.

Cystatin Prevents Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model.

Severe helminth infections are negatively associated to allergic diseases like asthma; therefore, the immunomodulatory properties of parasite-derived components have been analyzed, raising the possibility of their use as anti-inflammatory molecules. We evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of recombinant cysteine protease inhibitor (rAl-CPI) in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation induced by the house dust mite (HDM) and its effects on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (HmoDCs). The sensitized/challenged mice developed extensive cellular airway inflammatory response, which was significantly reduced upon treatment with rAl-CPI prior to sensitization, affecting particularly the perivascular/peribronchial infiltrate cells, eosinophils/neutrophils, and goblet cells.

Development of a Fluorescent Bodipy Probe for Visualization of the Serotonin 5-HT Receptor in Native Cells of the Immune System.

Serotonin (5-HT) modulates key aspects of the immune system. However, its precise function and the receptors involved in the observed effects have remained elusive. Among the different serotonin receptors, 5-HT plays an important role in the immune system given its presence in cells involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses, but its actual levels of expression under different conditions have not been comprehensively studied due to the lack of suitable tools.

A Fluorescent Probe to Unravel Functional Features of Cannabinoid Receptor CB in Human Blood and Tonsil Immune System Cells.

The human endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) regulates key physiological processes and alterations in its signaling pathways, and endocannabinoid levels are associated with diseases such as neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions, cancer, pain and inflammation, obesity, and metabolic and different immune related disorders. Immune system cells express the G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB), but its functional role has not been fully understood, likely due to the lack of appropriate tools. The availability of novel tools to investigate the role of CB in immune regulation might contribute to identify CB as a potential novel therapeutic target or biomarker for many diseases.