Associations between adverse childhood experiences and vascular indicators of atherosclerosis measured in childhood and early to mid-adulthood: A systematic review.

Objectives: Adverse childhood experiences are associated with impaired vascular function and cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality, but mechanisms remain unclear. This systematic review assessed associations between adverse childhood experiences and vascular indicators of subclinical atherosclerosis, including the effects of mediating or moderating variables.

Methods: Searches were conducted through May 2024.

Plasma fatty acid composition predicts bone mineral accrual from childhood to adolescence: the PANIC study.

Little is known about the associations of plasma fatty acids with bone mineral accrual, and the evidence is mostly based on cross-sectional data. In this observational study, we investigated for the first time the longitudinal associations of plasma fatty acid composition as well as desaturase and elongase enzyme activities with bone mineral density (BMD) from childhood to adolescence. Altogether, 480 children (227 girls) aged 7-9 yr attending baseline examinations were included in the current analyses.

Impact of Scaling Peak Oxygen Uptake for Body Size and Composition to Assess Cardiometabolic Risk in Children.

Purpose: This study measured associations of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) with cardiometabolic risk factors and quantified cardiometabolic risk misclassification when scaling V̇O2peak for body size and composition, comparing population-specific and universal V̇O2peak cut-points.

Methods: In a population sample of 332 Finnish children (164 girls, 9-11 years), V̇O2peak was determined using a maximal cycle ergometer test and scaled for body mass (BM) and lean mass (LM) using ratio and allometric methods. A continuous cardiometabolic risk score was calculated from age- and sex-specific z-scores of traditional risk factors, with 'increased risk' defined as ≥1 standard deviation above the mean.

Persistent Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance With the Risk of Worsening Cardiac Damage in Adolescents: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study of the ALSPAC Birth Cohort.

Objective: Insulin resistance (IR) and dysglycemia can induce cardiac remodeling in adulthood, but little evidence exists with respect to cardiac remodeling in youth with and without evidence of new-onset glucose metabolic alterations. This study investigated whether changes in metabolic status from adolescence to young adulthood are associated with the risk of progressive cardiac remodeling and examined potential mechanistic pathways.

Research Design And Methods: From the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), U.

Validation of polar verity sense for heart rate monitoring during school-based high-intensity interval training in adolescents.

The polar verity sense (PVS) is a user-friendly heart rate monitoring tool for field-based research compared to Polar H10. However, its validity in the real world (e.g.

The effect of strength training interventions on people with congenital heart disease: a systematic review.

Aim: To assess the effectiveness and safety of strength training (ST) interventions in people with congenital heart disease (ConHD).

Methods: Participants included people of all ages diagnosed with all complexity of ConHD. Interventions included strength training or inspiratory muscle training (IMT) which were delivered in whole or as part of a more holistic programme.

Peak Oxygen Consumption Scaled to Body Composition Is Associated With Mortality and Morbidity in People With a Fontan Circulation.

Background: Peak oxygen consumption (peak O) is traditionally scaled by body mass, but it is most appropriately scaled by fat-free mass. However, it is unknown whether peak O scaled by fat-free mass is associated with mortality and morbidity in people with a Fontan circulation. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between different expressions of peak O with mortality and morbidity in people with a Fontan circulation.

Effectiveness of a school-based high-intensity interval training intervention in adolescents: study protocol of the cluster randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective strategy for improving a variety of health and fitness outcomes within school settings. Incorporating HIIT into existing physical activity opportunities appears practically feasible, yet the process evaluation and effectiveness of this strategy needs to be further evaluated. Therefore, a intervention will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-week school-based HIIT intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, body composition, muscular strength, bone health, cognitive function, wellbeing and academic performance among 12-13-year-olds.

The relationships between age, sex, and exercise intensity on cerebral artery hemodynamics during isometric handgrip exercise.

Age and sex may alter the cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to acute isometric exercise, via associated elevations in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and sympathetic activation. Our aim was to determine the relationships between age, sex, and exercise intensity on cerebrovascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise. In 78 healthy adults (18-80 yr, = 42 females), cerebrovascular responses were assessed during 2-min isometric exercise bouts at three intensities [15, 30, 45% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)].

Middle cerebral artery blood velocity and end-tidal carbon dioxide responses to moderate intensity cycling in children, adolescents, and adults.

This study investigated the middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) response to constant work-rate moderate-intensity cycling exercise in 21 children (9.3 ± 0.8 yr), 17 adolescents (12.

Percentage Predicted Peak Oxygen Consumption in People With Fontan Circulation: A Rapid Systematic Scoping Review and Validation Study.

Background: Peak oxygen consumption (peak ) is routinely measured in people who have congenital heart disease and is reported as a percentage of predicted value, based upon age- and sex-matched normative reference values (NRVs). This study aimed to identify which NRVs are being used, assess whether NRVs are being applied appropriately, and evaluate if recommended NRVs are valid when applied to people with congenital heart disease.

Methods And Results: A systematic scoping review identified studies that reported peak percentage of predicted value in people with congenital heart disease.

The Influence of Acute Hypoxia on Oxygen Uptake and Muscle Oxygenation Kinetics During Cycling Exercise in Prepubertal Boys.

Purpose: To examine the effect of normobaric hypoxia on pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2) and muscle oxygenation kinetics during incremental and moderate-intensity exercise in children.

Methods: Eight prepubertal boys (9-11 y) performed incremental cycle tests to exhaustion in both normoxia and hypoxia (fraction of inspired O2 of 15%) followed by repeat 6-minute transitions of moderate-intensity exercise in each condition over subsequent visits.

Results: Maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) was reduced in hypoxia compared with normoxia (1.

The Role of Diet in the Cardiovascular Health of Childhood Cancer Survivors-A Systematic Review.

Background: Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This systematic review aims to provide the first synthesis of observational and interventional studies on the relationship between diet and cardiovascular health in CCSs.

Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted for studies published between 1990 and July 2023 in PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Child Development & Adolescent Studies, and Cochrane Library.

Was it a HIIT? A process evaluation of a school-based high-intensity interval training intervention.

Background: Despite a growing body of research investigating high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in schools, there are limited process evaluations investigating their implementation. This is concerning because process evaluations are important for appropriately interpreting outcome findings and augmenting intervention design. This manuscript presents a process evaluation of Making a HIIT, a school-based HIIT intervention.

Co-creation of injury prevention measures for competitive adolescent distance runners: knowledge, behavior, and needs of athletes and coaches enrolled on England Athletics' Youth Talent Programme.

This study assessed the knowledge, behavior, and needs of competitive adolescent (16-18 years) distance runners and distance running coaches enrolled as part of England Athletics' Youth Talent Programme in relation to the prevention of running-related injury (RRI). Two online surveys were developed and distributed to the distance runners (survey one) and coaches (survey two). Both surveys included sections related to: (1) current knowledge; (2) current behavior; (3) need and support for RRI prevention measures; and (4) possible content and form of RRI prevention measures.

Adapting, restarting, and terminating a randomised control trial for people with cystic fibrosis: Reflections on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon research in a clinical population.

Background: Habitual physical activity (PA) and exercise form a cornerstone of the management of cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetically inherited pulmonary and digestive condition - whereby telehealth platforms have been proposed as a mechanism to engage remotely people with CF in PA and exercise.

Methods: To test this, in early 2020, the 'ActivOnline: Physical Activity in Cystic Fibrosis Trial' (ActiOn PACT) randomised control trial was established to examine whether an online intervention was effective at increasing PA in adolescents and adults with CF.

Results: The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 forced this trial to be paused and modified, with the adoption of online recruitment and remote assessment of outcome measures.

Physical activity, physical fitness and self-rated health: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations in adolescents.

Objectives: To evaluate the independent associations of physical activity and physical fitness with self-rated health in adolescents.

Methods: Data from a 2-year observational study (2013-2015) were used (n=256, 58% girls, 13.7±0.

Accelerometer-based sedentary time, light physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from childhood with arterial stiffness and carotid IMT progression: A 13-year longitudinal study of 1339 children.

Aims: We examined the longitudinal associations of sedentary time (ST), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) from childhood with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), a measure of arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT).

Methods: We studied 1339 children, aged 11 years from Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, UK, followed up for 13 years. Accelerometer-based ST, LPA, and MVPA were assessed at ages 11, 15, and 24 years clinic visits.

Process evaluation of school-based high-intensity interval training interventions for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Several systematic reviews have been published to investigate the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in schools. However, there has been limited attention given to understanding the functioning of the intervention processes, which is of paramount importance for interpreting and translating the intervention effectiveness. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the extent to which process evaluation is measured in school-based HIIT interventions and to explore the effects of process evaluation and intervention characteristics on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body composition, muscular strength, and blood pressure.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the 24-hour movement behaviours, including muscle and bone strengthening activity, with bone and lean mass from childhood to adolescence.

Background: This study aimed to assess whether moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sport and exercise as a proxy measure of muscle and bone strengthening activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep were associated with total-body-less-head (TBLH) bone mineral content (BMC) and TBLH lean mass cross-sectionally and longitudinally from age 6 to 9 years and age 9 to 11 years to age 15 to 17 years.

Methods: We used longitudinal data from a population sample of Finnish children from the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children study (age 6 to 9 years: n = 478, 229 females; age 9 to 11 years: n = 384, 197 females; age 15 to 17 years: n = 222, 103 females). Linear regression analysed the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between accelerometer-assessed MVPA, sedentary time and sleep, and questionnaire-assessed sport and exercise participation and screen time with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-assessed TBLH BMC and lean mass.

Validation and Calibration for Embedding Rating of Perceived Exertion Into High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Adolescents: A Lab-Based Study.

Purpose: Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a convenient and cost-effective tool that can be used to monitor high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). However, no methodological study has demonstrated the validity of RPE in this context. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate and calibrate RPE for monitoring HIIE in adolescents.

Making a HIIT: Methods for quantifying intensity in high-intensity interval training in schools and validity of session rating of perceived exertion.

Using the data from , this paper aimed to: 1) investigate the different heart rate (HR) quantification methods reported in school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) studies; and 2) assess the criterion validity of session rating of perceived exertion (RPE). During an 8-week HIIT intervention, 213 students (13.1 (0.

Which indices of cardiorespiratory fitness are more strongly associated with brain health in children with overweight/obesity?

Purpose: To compare the strength of associations between different indices of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and brain health outcomes in children with overweight/obesity.

Methods: Participants were 100 children aged 8-11 years. CRF was assessed using treadmill exercise test (peak oxygen uptake [V̇O ], treadmill time, and V̇O at ventilatory threshold) and 20-metre shuttle run test (20mSRT, laps, running speed, estimated V̇O using the equations by Léger et al.

The utility of the reperfusion rate of tissue oxygen saturation as a measure of vascular endothelial function in adolescents: reliability, validity and sensitivity.

The near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived reperfusion rate of tissue oxygen saturation (slope 2 StO) may provide a surrogate measure of vascular function, however, this has yet to be examined in a paediatric population. This study investigated in adolescents: 1) the between-day reliability of NIRS-derived measurements; 2) the relationship between slope 2 StO and macro- (flow-mediated dilation, FMD) and microvascular (peak reactive hyperaemia, PRH) function; and 3) the effect of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on slope 2 StO, FMD, and PRH. Nineteen boys (13.

Parental recommendations and exercise attitudes in congenital hearts.

Background: Children and young people with CHD benefit from regular physical activity. Parents are reported as facilitators and barriers to their children's physical activity. The aim of this study was to explore parental factors, child factors, and their clinical experience on physical activity participation in young people with CHD.