Immunogenicity and safety of a measles and rubella-containing vaccine at age 6 and 9 months in Bangladesh: an open-label, randomised trial.

Background: The first dose of measles-rubella (MR) vaccine is routinely administered to infants aged 9 months as part of a standard two-dose schedule. However, during large measles outbreaks and in other settings of increased circulation or increased risk, WHO recommends administering a supplementary dose at age 6 months to protect young infants. We aimed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of a first dose of MR vaccine administered to infants aged 6 months and its effect on the immune response to the routine MR vaccine at age 9 months.

Assessing the mucosal intestinal and systemic humoral immunity of sequential schedules of inactivated poliovirus vaccine and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine for essential immunization in Bangladesh: An open-label, randomized controlled trial.

In 2012, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) recommended introduction of at least one inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) dose in essential immunization programs. We evaluated systemic humoral and intestinal mucosal immunity of a sequential IPV-bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) schedule compared with a co-administration IPV + bOPV schedule in an open-label, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority, inequality trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Healthy infants aged 6 weeks were randomized to either: (A) IPV and bOPV at 6 and bOPV at 10 and 14 weeks (IPV + bOPV-bOPV-bOPV); or (B) IPV at 6 and bOPV at 10 and 14 weeks (IPV-bOPV-bOPV).

Longitudinal Assessment of ROX and HACOR Scores to Predict Non-Invasive Ventilation Failure in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia.

Introduction: NIV (Non-invasive ventilation) and HFNC (High Flow nasal cannula) are being used in patients with acute respiratory failure. HACOR score has been exclusively calculated for patients on NIV, on other hand ROX index is being used for patients on HFNC. This is first study where ROX index has been used in patients on NIV to predict failure.

Poliovirus type 1 systemic humoral and intestinal mucosal immunity induced by monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine, fractional inactivated poliovirus vaccine, and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: To inform response strategies, we examined type 1 humoral and intestinal immunity induced by 1) one fractional inactivated poliovirus vaccine (fIPV) dose given with monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine (mOPV1), and 2) mOPV1 versus bivalent OPV (bOPV).

Methods: We conducted a randomized, controlled, open-label trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Healthy infants aged 5 weeks were block randomized to one of four arms: mOPV1 at age 6-10-14 weeks/fIPV at 6 weeks (A); mOPV1 at 6-10-14 weeks/fIPV at 10 weeks (B); mOPV1 at 6-10-14 weeks (C); and bOPV at 6-10-14 weeks (D).

Immunogenicity of novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 administered concomitantly with bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled trial.

Background: Novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) was developed by modifying the Sabin strain to increase genetic stability and reduce risk of seeding new circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 outbreaks. Bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV; containing Sabin types 1 and 3) is the vaccine of choice for type 1 and type 3 outbreak responses. We aimed to assess immunological interference between nOPV2 and bOPV when administered concomitantly.

Changing Critical Care Patterns and Associated Outcomes in Mechanically Ventilated Severe COVID-19 Patients in Different Time Periods: An Explanatory Study from Central India.

Background: The outcomes in critical illness depend on disease severity, practice protocols, workload, and access to care. This study investigates the factors affecting outcomes in mechanically ventilated coronavirus disease-2019 acute respiratory distress syndrome (COVID-19 ARDS) patients admitted in a tertiary teaching hospital intensive care unit (ICU) in Central India with reference to different time periods in pandemic. This is one of the largest series of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients, globally.

Effect of Remdesivir Administration on Occurrence of Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Critically Ill COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Background And Objectives: Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) are frequent in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Remdesivir is used worldwide for treatment in COVID-19. In this retrospective observational study, our primary objective was to assess the impact of remdesivir administration on the incidence of MACE and associated 28 day survival in critically ill patients admitted for moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia.

Co-administration of Oral Cholera Vaccine With Oral Polio Vaccine Among Bangladeshi Young Children: A Randomized Controlled Open Label Trial to Assess Interference.

Background: Cholera remains a public health threat for low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Asia and Africa. Shanchol™, an inactivated oral cholera vaccine (OCV) is currently in use globally. OCV and oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) could be administered concomitantly, but the immunogenicity and safety of coadministration among children aged 1-3 years is unknown.

Head-to-head comparison of the immunogenicity of RotaTeq and Rotarix rotavirus vaccines and factors associated with seroresponse in infants in Bangladesh: a randomised, controlled, open-label, parallel, phase 4 trial.

Background: A head-to-head comparison of the most widely used oral rotavirus vaccines has not previously been done, particularly in a high child mortality setting. We therefore aimed to compare the immunogenicity of RotaTeq (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) and Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium) rotavirus vaccines in the same population and examined risk factors for low seroresponse.

Methods: We did a randomised, controlled, open-label, parallel, phase 4 trial in urban slums within Mirpur and Mohakahli (Dhaka, Bangladesh).

Communication with Patients on Mechanical Ventilation: A Review of Existing Technologies.

Anand A, Nair RR, Kodamanchili S, Panda R, Bhardwaj KK, Gowthaman TB. Communication with Patients on Mechanical Ventilation: A Review of Existing Technologies. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(6):756-757.

Novel Use of Catheter Mount as an Alternative to T-piece.

Unlabelled: Catheter mounts with swivel connectors are used to attach the endotracheal tube to the ventilator circuit, dampening jerks and drags and increasing patient comfort. We suggest a unique application of catheter mount as T-piece for weaning, eliminating the need for a single inventory purchase and repurposing a previously used item for a new use, lowering the financial burden on patients. In our ICU, catheter mounts are being used as an alternative to T-piece for 30-minute weaning trials following successful SBT trials to evaluate patients' response to Zero PEEP (ZEEP) and therefore the probable occurrence of alveolar derecruitment to decrease extubation failure.

Trendelenburg Ventilation in Patients of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome with Poor Lung Compliance and Diaphragmatic Dysfunction.

Background: Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are generally ventilated in either 45° head elevation or prone position as they are associated with decreased incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality, respectively. But in patients with poor lung compliance and super-added diaphragmatic weakness/dysfunction, generating a minimum amount of adequate tidal volume (TV) would be very difficult in propped up/supine/prone position, leading to worsening hypoxia and CO retention. We noticed a sustained increase in TV for patients with poor lung compliance (Cs <15 mL/cm HO) and diaphragmatic dysfunction (bilateral diaphragmatic excursion <1 cm, on spontaneous breaths) when the patients are switched to Trendelenburg position with the same ventilator settings.

Simple Mobile Application for Calculating "Ergotrauma" Made Using an Excel Sheet.

Anand A, Saigal S, Panda R, Kodamanchili S, Shrivastava P, Das A, . Simple Mobile Application for Calculating "Ergotrauma" Made Using an Excel Sheet. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(9):1081.

Reanalyzing the Mortality Analysis of COVID-19 Deaths in a Tertiary Care Center in India.

Anand A, Panghal R, Kaler P, Saigal S, Panda R, Kodamanchili S, . Reanalyzing the Mortality Analysis of COVID-19 Deaths in a Tertiary Care Center in India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25(10):1211.

Assessing the immunogenicity of three different inactivated polio vaccine schedules for use after oral polio vaccine cessation, an open label, phase IV, randomized controlled trial.

Background: After global oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) cessation, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) currently recommends a two-dose schedule of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) beginning ≥14-weeks of age to achieve at least 90% immune response. We aimed to compare the immunogenicity of three different two-dose IPV schedules started before or at 14-weeks of age.

Methods: We conducted a randomized, controlled, open-label, inequality trial at two sites in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Surveillance to Track Progress Toward Polio Eradication - Worldwide, 2019-2020.

When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was established in 1988, an estimated 350,000 poliomyelitis cases were reported worldwide. In 2020, 140 wild poliovirus (WPV) cases were confirmed, representing a 99.99% reduction since 1988.

Surveillance to Track Progress Toward Polio Eradication - Worldwide, 2018-2019.

Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was launched in 1988, the number of polio cases worldwide has declined approximately 99.99%; only two countries (Afghanistan and Pakistan) have never interrupted wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission (1). The primary means of detecting poliovirus circulation is through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) among children aged <15 years with testing of stool specimens for WPV and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) (genetically reverted strains of the vaccine virus that regain neurovirulence) in World Health Organization (WHO)-accredited laboratories (2,3).

New analytic approaches for analyzing and presenting polio surveillance data to supplement standard performance indicators.

Background: Sensitive surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) allows for rapid detection of polio outbreaks and provides essential evidence to support certification of the eradication of polio. However, accurately assessing the sensitivity of surveillance systems can be difficult due to limitations in the reliability of available performance indicators, including the rate of detection of non-polio AFP and the proportion of adequate stool sample collection. Recent field reviews have found evidence of surveillance gaps despite indicators meeting expected targets.