Utility of Pharmacological Agents for Diabetes Mellitus in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease: Comparison of Metformin, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonists, Insulin, and Sulfonylureas.

Background: Metformin is a drug primarily used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), but it also offers clinical benefits that extend beyond glycemic control. Existing literature provides an unclear conclusion as to whether metformin's benefits extend to preventing neurodegeneration, such as in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods: A retrospective database study was conducted to evaluate the likelihood of developing AD in DM patients taking metformin compared to those taking glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) analogs, sulfonylureas, and short-acting insulin variants.

Labial Adhesion in Postmenopausal Women: A Case Report.

Labial adhesions are the fusion of the labia minora or majora due to an unknown etiology; however, estrogen levels and chronic infection are thought to play a role. Management can include estrogen creams, topical steroids, and surgical lysis. This case is about a 76-year-old female with a history of solitary kidney, frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs), and urethral stricture who presented with malodorous urine, dysuria, urinary frequency, abdominal discomfort, and chills.

Management of sterile abdominal pseudocysts in the context of ventriculoperitoneal shunts: a systematic review.

This systematic review investigates the management of sterile abdominal pseudocysts (APCs), a complication associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS). Management options for sterile APCs include repositioning and externalization, but there remains no consensus on which management technique is superior in terms of outcomes in recurrence or overall complication rates. Therefore, a comparison of outcomes between shunt externalization and repositioning was conducted.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks and Healthcare Costs Associated With Tethered Cord Release and Filum Terminale Sectioning.

Introduction:  Tethered cord syndrome is a condition caused by anatomical restrictions that limit the normal movement of the spinal cord, resulting in metabolic and vascular abnormalities that lead to hypoxia and jeopardize function. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and the economic burden in pediatric patients who have undergone tethered cord release (TCR) and sectioning of filum terminale, stratified by the duration of postoperative recumbency.

Methods: After approval from the Institutional Review Board, a retrospective chart review of a tertiary medical center was performed.