Identification of proteins in semen-derived extracellular vesicles that bind to Tat and NF-κB and that may impair HIV replication.

Replication of HIV-1 requires the coordinated action of host and viral transcription factors, most critically the viral transactivator Tat and the host nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). This activity is disrupted in infected cells that are cultured with extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in human semen, suggesting that they contain factors that could inform the development of new therapeutics. Here, we explored the contents of semen-derived EVs (SEVs) from uninfected donors and individuals with HIV-1 and identified host proteins that interacted with HIV Tat and the NF-κB subunit p65.

Exploring the potential of photodynamic therapy in overcoming multidrug resistance: mechanisms, synergies, and clinical advancements in infectious diseases.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacterial and fungal pathogens poses a growing global health crisis, rendering many conventional antimicrobial therapies ineffective. The rise of MDR strains complicates treatment, prolongs illness, increases healthcare costs, and contributes to higher mortality rates. Mechanisms driving MDR include enzymatic drug inactivation, target modification, efflux pump activity, decreased permeability, and biofilm formation-often fueled by horizontal gene transfer and selective pressure from antimicrobial overuse.

Characterization and potential novel applications of zinc-based traditional medicine, Yashad Bhasma.

Background: Yashad Bhasma (YB), the incinerated metal ash of zinc, has been used for centuries in Ayurveda to address a variety of conditions, including eye diseases, diabetes mellitus, anemia, respiratory illnesses, etc. OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to synthesize and characterize YB and to evaluate its potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-angiogenic activities.

Materials And Methods: In this study, YB is synthesized by optimizing the traditional method.

Role of Monoclonal Antibodies in Alzheimer's Disease: Successes, Failures, and Future Directions.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), referred to as a type of dementia, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with cognitive decline and key features comprising extracellular amyloid-β(Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a new therapeutic approach targeting the specific biochemical abnormalities associated with AD. This review summarizes several mAbs designed for AD, which helps to describe their mechanisms, including amyloid clearance from the brain as well as regulation of neuroinflammation.