Thioester-mediated RNA aminoacylation and peptidyl-RNA synthesis in water.

To orchestrate ribosomal peptide synthesis, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) must be aminoacylated, with activated amino acids, at their 2',3'-diol moiety, and so the selective aminoacylation of RNA in water is a key challenge that must be resolved to explain the origin of protein biosynthesis. So far, there have been no chemical methods to effectively and selectively aminoacylate RNA-2',3'-diols with the breadth of proteinogenic amino acids in water. Here we demonstrate that (biological) aminoacyl-thiols (1) react selectively with RNA diols over amine nucleophiles, promoting aminoacylation over adventitious (non-coded) peptide bond formation.

Sun Protection Advice for the South African Population for the Prevention and Management of Skin Diseases.

Sun protection is critical for the prevention and management of skin cancer and other photosensitive dermatoses in South Africa's diverse population. This review expands on previously published sun protection advice for skin cancer prevention by providing tailored advice for individuals with specific dermatological conditions. Recent advances in sunscreen technology, including enhanced protection for long-wave UVA1, visible light, and infrared radiation; inorganic sunscreens with more cosmetic acceptability; and the addition of other active ingredients unrelated to sun protection, are discussed in the context of specific dermatoses.

Analyzing the Discursive Framing of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUDs) in U.S. News Media: A Comparative Study of Benefits, Persuasion Methods, and Temporal Trends.

Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) offer substantial benefits but are underutilized. Media representations of MOUD benefits potentially shape public and policymaker attitudes toward these treatments. This study examines how MOUD benefits are portrayed in the news media, exploring variations by medication type, publication period, news source, and persuasion approach.

Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about sexual violence, and the implementation of sexual violence prevention programming: Survey of faculty at seven universities in Vietnam.

Background: College campuses are a common setting for sexual violence prevention efforts. Those efforts are often focused solely on students, though implementation theory suggests that campus faculty and leaders must be engaged for successful implementation. This is especially true in low- and middle-income countries, where resources are scarce and norms may support sexual violence.

Cutaneous melanoma.

Cutaneous melanoma is a common cancer in Australia and New Zealand, Europe, and North America, and its incidence is still increasing in many regions. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure (for example, through excessive sunlight exposure) remains the primary risk factor for melanoma; however, public awareness campaigns have led to a marked reduction in mortality. In addition to genetic damage from UV radiation, specific genetic alterations have been linked to melanoma.