Semantic change in adults is not primarily a generational phenomenon.

A central question in the study of language change is whether or not such change is generational. If a language changes over time generation-by-generation, the process looks as follows: New generations of speakers introduce innovations, while older speakers conserve their usage patterns, and the language changes as new generations replace older ones. At the opposite extreme, language change could be a zeitgeist phenomenon, in which changes are universally adopted by speakers simultaneously, regardless of age or generational cohort.

Were bed bugs the first urban pest insect? Genome-wide patterns of bed bug demography mirror global human expansion.

There are calls for research into the historical evolutionary relationships between humans and their commensals, as it would greatly inform models that predict the spread of pests and diseases under urban population expansion. The earliest civilizations emerged approximately 10 000 years ago and created conditions ideal for the establishment and spread of commensal urban pests. Commensal relations between humans and pests likely emerged with these early civilizations; however, for most species (e.

Sex and racial bias in medical student EPA assessments: Findings and hypotheses for bias mitigation targets.

Introduction: Despite extensive documentation of implicit bias across traditional medical education assessments, no studies have examined bias in Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA)-based assessments of medical students. This gap threatens both assessment validity and advancement of diverse trainees, as even small inequities can significantly impact career trajectories for underrepresented students. As such, we sought to detect implicit sex and racial bias in EPA-based assessments of medical students.

Serum Folate Concentrations in Exclusively Breastfed Preterm Infants Who Received No Supplementary Oral Folic Acid After Discharge: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Adequate folate intake is required in preterm infants for rapid growth and development, but there is little evidence to back recommendations. We aimed to assess folate status in preterm infants at discharge and in early infancy, according to exposure to folate sources, particularly in those exclusively/predominantly breastfed. A prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study was conducted in the UK, involving 45 preterm infants <33 weeks' gestational age (GA) exclusively/predominantly fed human milk when approaching NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) discharge.

A chromosome-level reference genome for the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, with identification of sex chromosomes.

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is a globally distributed pest insect of medical, veterinary, and economic importance. Previous reference genome assemblies for this species were generated from short-read sequencing data, resulting in a ~650 Mb composed of thousands of contigs. Here, we present a haplotype-resolved, chromosome-level reference genome, generated from an adult Harlen strain female specimen.